Ojibwe Bibliography – part 5

[01-19-04]

2265. Morsette, J. D. [Letter to Cosens, Barbara A.].
Notes: Source: cited by Cosens, Barbara A. (Winter 1998:footnote 3)
Abstract: Unemployment rate on the Rocky Boy's Reservation

2266. Mortensen, S., & Estes, C. (1993). Uncommon Terns of Leech Lake. The Minnesota Volunteer, 56(331), 36.
Notes: Source: UnCover (August 1999 search)
Abstract: Gulls on nesting grounds spell trouble for terns.

2267. Mortimore, G. E. (1976). Colonial transfer: abandonment of disguised domination? A Canadian Indian reserve case. Anthropologica (Ottawa), 17(2), 187-203.
Notes: Source: International Bibliography of Social and Cultural Anthropology, Vol. XXII (1979:348)

2268. Mortimore, R. G. E. (1978). The road to Eagle Bay: strucure, process and power in a highly acculturated Ojibwa band. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Toronto (Canada).

2269. Morton, L. L., Allen, J. D., & Williams, N. H. (1994). Hemisphericity and Information Processing in North American Native (Ojibwa) and Non-Native Adolescents. International Journal of Neuroscience, 75(3-4), 189-202.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999 search
Abstract: Thirty-two male and female adolescents of native ancestry (Ojibwa) and 32 controls were tested using (1) four WISC-R subtests and (2) two dichotic listening tasks which employed a focused-attention paradigm for processing consonant-vowel combinations (CVs) and musical melodies. On the WISC-R, natives scored higher than controls on Block Design and Picture Completion subtests but lower on Vocabulary and Similarities subtests. On laterality measures more native males showed a left ear advantage on the CV task and the melody task. For CVs the left ear advantage was due to native males' lower right ear (i.e., left hemisphere) involvement. For melodies, the laterality index pointed to less left hemisphere involvement for native males, however, the raw scores showed that natives were performing lower overall. The findings are consistent with culturally-based strategy differences, possibly linked to 'hemisphericity,' but additional clarifying research regarding the cause and extent of such differences is warranted. Thus, implications for education are premature but a focus on teaching 'left hemisphere type' strategies to all individuals not utilizing such skills, including many native males, may prove beneficial. (Abstract by: Author)

2270. Moss, H. L. (1898). Last days of Wisconsin territory and early days of Minnesota territory . in Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society. Volume VIII. St. Paul, Minn.: The Minnesota Historical Society.
Notes: Source: PALS online catalog (October 1999 search)
Abstract: The international boundary between Lake Superior and the Lake of the Woods / by Ulysses Sherman Grant -- The settlement and development of the Red River Valley / by Warren Upham -- The discovery and development of the iron ores of Minnesota / by N.H. Winchell -- The origin and growth of the Minnesota Historical Society / by Alex. Ramsey -- Opening of the Red River of the North to commerce and civilization / by Russell Blakeley -- Last days of Wisconsin territory and early days of Minnesota territory / by Henry L. Moss -- Lawyers and courts of Minnesota prior to and during its territorial period / by Charles E. Flandrau -- Homes and habitations of the Minnesota Historical Society / by Charles E. Mayo -- The historical value of newspapers / by J.B. Chaney -- The United States government publications / by D.L. Kingsbury -- The first organized government of Dakota / by Samuel J. Albright -- How Minnesota became a state / by Thomas F. Moran -- Minnesota's ! northern boundary / by Alexander N. Winchell -- The question of the sources of the Mississippi River / by E. Levasseur. The source of the Mississippi / by N.H. Winchell -- Prehistoric man at the headwaters of the Mississippi River / by J.V. Brower -- Charter members of the Minnesota Historical Society and its work in 1896 / by Alex. Ramsey -- History of agriculture in Minnesota / by James J. Hill -- History of mining and quarrying in Minnesota / by Warren Upham -- History of the discovery of the Mississippi River and the advent of commerce in Minnesota / Russell Blakeley -- Reminiscences of persons and events in the early days of the Minnesota Historical Society / by William H. Kelley -- Fort Snelling from its foundation to the present time / by Richard W. Johnson -- Sully's expedition against the Sioux, in 1864 / by David L. Kingsbury -- State-building in the West / by Charles E. Flandrau

2271. Mosser, D. P. (1995). Not First in Nobody's Heart: The Life Story of a Contemporary Chippewa (book reviews). The American Indian Quarterly, 19(4), 579 (3).
Notes: Source: InfoTrac [electronic database--Daemon@epub.med.iacnet.com]: Oct 1999 search
Abstract: Professor Cleland has undertaken the Herculean task of transforming the technical academic jargon concerning Native American history in the upper Great Lakes, as recorded by anthropologists and physical scientists, into understandable and appealing prose for the general reader. This is a formidable problem that the author has handled smoothly when discussing ethnological and ethnohistorical topics. However, when explaining familial and kin relations, his manuscript is somewhat technical. It is a subject that the author approaches with an honest attempt at refraining from the use of anthropological terminology but in the end is forced to rely on technical linguistic terms, simply because there are no alternatives for explaining such relationships.
Mr. Cleland has incorporated a geographic model wherein the state of Michigan serves as the focal point for his ethnohistories of various Native American peoples that have resided in the Upper Great Lakes. The author examines the pre-Columbian and post-contact periods but concentrates on explaining eighteenth and nineteenth century developments. The political state of Michigan (which was created in has, in the author's opinion, "had an increasingly important role in the course of the history of its native people"(p. v); however, in this book it does not limit the scope of the manuscript, it merely offers a point of reference - a beginning place that the reader can identify.
Furthermore, he has effectively discussed Native peoples' north/ south divisions and differences that define, in part, the ethnic identifications of those groups as Ojibwa, Potawatomi, Ottawa, Menominee, and Miami. Even though members of these "tribes", a term the author tends to question, lived in both the northern forests and the more southern plains, the author argues that subtle differences emerged over time between the residents of the two environments.
The northern bands acquired the majority of their food from fishing and hunting. Historical observers, the author points out, often were puzzled by the insistence of Ojibwas and other northern bands that their livelihood was hunting when, in fact, it seems the bulk of their food supply came from fishing. The superior status of hunting is evident, Cleland writes, because, to the Ojibwa "there are no magical songs for catching fish and even their word for whitefish ... is Atikameg, a variant of the word caribou, Atik. Even as the Ojibwa fish, they hunt" (p. 45).
Due to the poor growing conditions in the northern forest it appears that some villages moved onto the wide flood plains near large rivers and streams and cultivated a variety of crops. For this reason, Cleland contends the southern tribes were farmers. Corn, beans, and squash provided a more stable food supply, that was also supplemented by hunting. Still, the author points out that southern and northern villages remained about the same in size - about seventy-five to one hundred fifty residents.
The author has, from the onset of the manuscript, attempted to keep the discussion of Indian peoples' beliefs, customs and values free of white Anglo-Saxon biases. He has gone to great extremes to tell the story from the perspective of the "losers of history" - the Indians. This point of view is clearly present within the bulk of the book but particularly in its descriptions of events and the characters involved in the post-contact era. Mr. Cleland has accumulated extensive information about contemporary Native Americans who live in Michigan and under what conditions they are attempting to maintain their cultural identity - in an openly hostile environment.
Rites of Conquest examines Michigan's Native peoples collective history and describes their story by citing the past as seen from an Indian peoples' perspective. Ron Paquin and Robert Doherty in Not First In Nobody's Heart describe a contemporary Indian's life - that of a Chippewa man - to serve as an example of a people's history in the modern age. Ron Paquin has suffered from all the worst problems associated with Native Americans living in poverty on the edge of society: broken families, abusive parents, alcoholism, poor education, unsanitary conditions, lack of job skills, and a poor diet. Ron's story is a microcosmic reflection of the plight his people face in modern American culture.
As the story unfolds Ron is living in a filthy, unkempt cabin where his abusive parents are unable and unwilling to provide the one element a child needs to develop normally-love. All that is terrible and disgusting in life the author lives through and accepts as normal for he has known nothing else. The living conditions were so miserable that Ron, like other poor kids with no future, turned to crime and eventually was caught.
Reform school to prison were stepping stones that the author passed over along his path to discovery; a journey that culminated in being Chippewa and proud of a heritage that most of his life he never understood nor even acknowledged. Like many contemporary Native Americans, Ron's story is mired in squalor, pain, poverty, and coping with an openly hostile white society. Ron found happiness and the love he so desperately desired in his Indian wife and their family. Not only did he find satisfaction in a being a father and husband but also in discovering his Indian culture.
Even though this is not a story with the perfect ending where everyone is happily Jogging down the path of life-there are positive elements. Finding a life away from the underside of society was clearly satisfying to Ron. However, it also is evident that part of the reason he has progressed "out of the depths of despair" can be attributed to discovering his past - his Indian past. Although short lived, it seems that Ron Paquin's happiest moments were when he was building traditional Chippewa projects for the St. Ignace museum. This connection was severed when certain "Indian experts" brought large scale funding to the work and pushed the Indians out of the way. Ron and his life, therefore, can be seen as one more in a series of cases where white society overwhelms and destroys an individual in an effort to preserve that person's culture. This text is excellent for contemporary sociology or introductory cultural anthropology students since it is written from a first person perspective. As for Its use in a historical study, it is more appropriate as a suggested reading rather than a required text.
Full Text COPYRIGHT 1995 University of Nebraska-Press

2272. Mossman, M. (1993). H.R. Schoolcraft and Natural History on the Western Frontier, Part 4: Indian Agency Years with Thomas McKenney. The Passenger Pigeon; a Magazine of Wisconsin b ..., 55(2), 147.
Notes: Source: UnCover (August 1999 search)

2273. MSE-HKM Engineering. (1996). Municipal, Rural and Industrial Water Supply System Needs Assessment, Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation 21-26 (prepared for Bureau of Reclamation) .
Notes: Source: cited by Cosens, Barbara A. (Winter 1998:footnote 2), "manuscript on file with Author."

2274. Mudgett, H. P., 1900- , & Kay, H. G. (1955). Proceedings of the Conference on Indian tribes and treaties . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota, Center for Continuation Study.
Notes: Source: WorldCat (October 1999 search), accession: 8575434
Abstract: Proceedings of the conference held at the University of Minnesota, April 23-24, 1955. Foreword dated 1955. Includes bibliographical references.

2275. Mukerji, C., & Schudson, M. (1991). Rethinking popular culture: contemporary perspectives in cultural studies. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Notes: Source: Midé bibliography compiled by Sára Kaiser (1997)

2276. Mulholland, S. C., Mulholland, S. L., & Mooers, H. D. (1997). Paleo-Indian Occupations in Northeastern Minnesota: How Early? North American Archaeologist, 18(4), 371.
Notes: Source: UnCover (August 1999 search)

2277. Mulvihill, P. R. (1992). Institutional and organizational arrangements for adaptive environmental assessment in Canada's north. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Waterloo (Canada).
Abstract: The combination of important political changes, the economic development of renewable and non-renewable resources, social and cultural change and ecological impacts has created a dynamic and uncertain context for environmental decision-making in Canada's north. To be effective in such a context, this thesis argues, organizations and institutions must be flexible and responsive to these forces of change; i.e. they must be adaptive. The case studies include the Federal Environmental Assessment and Review Process (EARP), the Kativik Environmental Quality Commission (KEQC), the Environmental Screening and Review Process in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region, the proposed Nunavut Impact Review Board (NIRB), the proposed Dene/Metis Environmental Impact Review Board and the proposed Environmental Assessment and Review Process for the Government of the Northwest Territories. The thesis recommends that more attention be devoted to the imperative of institutional and organizational adaptiveness by actors currently involved in northern environmental assessment and by designers of future processes. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

2278. Mundy, M.-A. l. (1994). The relationship between self-esteem and the variables of cooperativeness and competition within the Aboriginal culture (Manitoba). Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The University of Southern Mississippi.
Abstract: The relationship between self-esteem and the variables of competitiveness and cooperativeness within an Aboriginal culture and whether this relationship differed according to the variables of gender, age, and enculturation was determined in this study. The sample consisted of a random selection of 108 Aboriginal students, 47 males and 61 females, drawn from grades 10 to 12, at a collegiate in Northern Manitoba. There were 57 Status, 6 non-Status, and 45 Metis and the students ranged in age from 14 to 24 years. These subjects were administered Form A of the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory and The Aboriginal Enculturation/Competitive/Cooperative Instrument. Four clear dimensions were found to describe Enculturation, Competition, Coopersmith SEI, and Cooperation. Both, Total Cooperation and Cooperation-Modesty, loaded highly on the Enculturation dimension. Cooperation is a dominant and influential aspect of the Aboriginal culture. Competition-Teamwork loaded highly on the Cooperation factor, leading to the conclusion that Cooperation and Competition are not on opposite ends of a continuum, but rather are entwined. Cooperation Control loaded negatively on the Coopersmith SEI factor, suggesting that the SEI as an instrument for measuring the Self-Esteem of Aboriginal people may not be valid. Furthermore, the low Goodness of Fit Index that was obtained in performing the Confirmatory Analysis of the SEI also supports this conclusion. Significant differences were found for three of six hypotheses. Age had a minimal relationship with both cooperation and enculturation. The variable of cooperation related negatively with SEI Total and with General Self. The variables of enculturation and competition were found to be negatively correlated, while the variables of enculturation and cooperation were positively related. As cooperation is such a great part of the Aboriginal enculturation, this would seem to have a deleterious effect on the self-esteem score, because the SEI portrayed a tendency to decrease as cooperation increased.

2279. Murie, J. R. (1989). Ceremonies of the Pawnee. Lincoln: Univeristy of Nebraska Press for the American Indian Studies Research Institute, Indiana University.
Notes: Source: Midé bibliography compiled by Sára Kaiser (1997)

2280. Murphy, L. E. (1996). Economy, race and gender along the Fox-Wisconsin and Rock riverways, 1737-1832 (Iowa, OntarioO. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Northern Illinois University.
Abstract: This dissertation examines a northern borderland region's economy during the gradual transition from Indian to white hegemony, evaluating the impact of race, ethnicity, and gender on economic practice, and vice versa. The focus is on the area from Green Bay, Wisconsin, along the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers, to Prairie du Chien on the Mississippi River, including the region south to the Rock River and a small section of present-day Iowa around Dubuque. During the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, these river systems constituted a crucial link between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River; their banks were populated with Indian and multi-racial communities, including fur trade centers and lead mining areas where Indian women, and later white and black men, dug for ore. The study describes the regional economy as it evolved over the century between the Fox Wars and the Black Hawk War (1737-1832). It examines the sexual division of labor, and the external trade relations of the Indian villages--especially those of the Winnebagos, Sauks, and Mesquakies (also known as Fox Indians)--and compares them to communities of Euro-Americans and of multi-racial families, such as Prairie du Chien and Green Bay. Exchange within and between local economies as well as regional and international markets is emphasized. This research explores villagers' participation in agricultural production and the fur trade and compares Indian, Metis, and Euro-American lead mining, domestic economy, and other types of production, such as maple sugar making. It examines adaptations and continuities in gender roles as regional and local economies persisted and changed over time. Central to this study are the parts played by gender roles and economic organization in determining multicultural accommodation or conflict, including their impact on dynamics leading up to the Black Hawk War.

2281. (1989). Library of Congress.
Notes: cited by Wub-e-ke-niew (1995)

2282. . (1973). W. G. Murray, 1903- Appraisal of Winnebago lands in Iowa and Minnesota, Royce area 267 in 1833 and 1846 . New York : Clearwater Pub. Co.
Notes: Source: WorldCat (October 1999 search), accession: 5819821. Docket 243 before the Indian Claims Commission.
Abstract: Published in the microfiche collection, The expert testimony before the Indian Claims Commission. Photocopy. New York : Clearwater, 1979. -- 22 cm. Includes bibliographical references

2283. Murray, W. G., 1903- , & United States. Indian Claims Commission. (1961). Appraisal of Winnebago Indian lands in Iowa and Minnesota - 1833 and 1846 - Nebraska - 1865 and 1874 docket 243 before the Indian Claims Commission . Ames, Iowa : Indian Claims Commission .
Notes: Source: WorldCat (October 1999 search), accession: 8543210

2284. . (1971). W. H. MuskeAppraisal, Red Lake Band of Chippewas v. United States of America : land excluded from the Red Lake Reservation by erroneous survey . St. Paul, Minn. Muske.
Notes: Source: WorldCat (November 1999 search). United States. Indian Claims Commission. Red Lake Band of Chippewas v. United States of America. ... accession: 17766947. Spine title: Red Lake Band of Chippewas. "Before the Indian Claims Commission, Docket No. 189." This vol. produced from microfiche contained in the published collection, The expert testimony before the Indian Claims Commission. Includes bibliographical references.

2285. Myhre, P. O. (1999). Potawatomi transformation: Potawatomi responses to Catholic and Baptist mission strategy and competition, 1822-1872 (Native Americans). Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Saint Louis University.
Abstract: In the nineteenth century the Potawatomi, Native American tribe, responded favorably to Catholic missionary efforts to inculturate Catholic Sacramental and devotional practices. More than two thousand Potawatomi people over a fifty year span of time, 1822 to 1872, inculturated Catholic religious practices and adopted many elements of Western civilization. They did so in response to the mission efforts carried out by Jesuits and Sisters of the Society of the Sacred Heart and because of their indigenous faith practices. Even though the Potawatomi responded well to Catholic missions and missionaries, they were not so eager to embrace the approaches of missionaries from other Christian groups who sought to convert them. In fact, the Baptists, led by Isaac McCoy, were the other principle Christian tradition which sought to transform Potawatomi faith and cultural practices during the time period under consideration. They were largely unsuccessful. Hence, an effort to discern and uncover the factors which explain the success of the one and the failure of the other are addressed in the dissertation. In order to encounter the reasons for the disparity between Catholic mission success and Baptist mission failure the dissertation is divided into seven chapters. Each chapter seeks to uncover the issues which may have contributed to the differences in Potawatomi responses to these two faith traditions. The first chapter introduces the basic argument, terminology, and methods employed. Potawatomi cosmology, culture, social structure and religious practices are examined in chapter two. Chapters three and four examine the mission strategies employed by the Catholic and Baptist missionaries in Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin, Iowa and Kansas and how the Potawatomi responded to these various strategies. Chapter five is focused on education of children and adults. The sixth chapter explores the relationships between Catholic Sacraments, devotional practices with that of Potawatomi religious practices. The final chapter summarizes the argument of the dissertation.

2286. Myrold, D. (1960). The fascinating story of ancient Lake Agassiz . Crookston, Minn. Polk County Historical Society.
Notes: Source: WorldCat (November 1999 search).

2287. Nabhan, G. P. (1989). Wild rice and the Ojibway people (book review) -- Vennum, Thomas. Economic Botany , 43, 136-137.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota Biological & Agricultural Index [electronic database], Fall 1999 search

2288. . (1978). NAICJA Long Range Planning ProjectIndian courts and the future report of the NAICJA Long Range Planning Project . [Washington] : National American Indian Court Judges Association.
Notes: Source: WorldCat (November 1999 search), accession: 30060234

2289. Namias, J. (1989). White captives: gender and ethnicity on successive American frontiers, 1607-1862. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Brandeis University.
Abstract: The American frontier has long been recognized as an important area of study. One of the largest and most evocative sources about the interaction between Euro-Americans and Indians is captivity materials--narratives, paintings, etchings, sculpture, and films which give accounts of life on the frontier. In past scholarship this material has been viewed primarily as propaganda favoring Indian extermination, evidence for the projection of ideas of savagery onto Indians, and as ethnographic information. This dissertation seeks to demonstrate that captivity materials offered earlier generations new ways of looking at gender and ethnic relations. They did so by placing women and children, the most vulnerable members of white society, in a foreign environment, thereby contrasting Anglo-American roles and values with those of a variety of Indian societies. The method of inquiry compares men and women, as well as captives in different periods and on successive frontiers. Period and geography range from colonial New England to mid-nineteenth century Minnesota. The materials used include the various captivity genres mentioned, along with ethnographic works, government documents, newspapers, and private correspondence. For both sexes, gendered archetypes developed as expressions of the challenge of capture and Indian-white coexistence. Part I discusses these archetypes as well as the sexual attitudes expressed in the various captivity materials. Portrayals of captive women in both sections feature issues of female survival, independence, and competence. Part II highlights three female captives. An examination of Jane McCrea's legend demonstrates a concern for the direction of young women's choices in the early Republic. Mary Jemison's and Sarah Wakefield's stories argue for seeing some works as presenting accommodation and understanding of the 'other' as alternatives to nineteenth-century American policy. This study concludes that while elements of horror, propaganda, myth making, and ethnographic documentary were significant, captivity materials also vividly portrayed the anxieties of Anglo-America about the migration process and the impact it could have on gender roles, family survival, and the process of nation building.

2290. Nash, G. B. (1982). Red, White and Black: the peoples of early America. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Notes: Source: Midé bibliography compiled by Sára Kaiser (1997)

2291. Nathan, R. R. (1967). Report on Royce Area 267, as of February 4, 1847 Winnebago Tribe, et al., v. the United States of America Indian Claims Commission, Docket no. 243. Washington, D.C. Robert R. Nathan Associates.
Notes: Source: WorldCat (October 1999 search), accession: 8543513
Abstract: Includes portions of Northeast Iowa and Southeast Minnesota. Bibliography: leaves 89-93

2292. (1978).
Notes: ERIC NO: ED157672
Abstract: In 1976 the National American Indian Court Judges Association was awarded a one year contract to study Indian court systems, identify their main strengths and weaknesses, develop a set of model standards, name four model courts with whom to test the model standards, and propose a five year plan of support for Indian courts. Written materials relating to Indian courts and the advice of people knowledgeable in Indian court problems were utilized. Twenty-three courts varying in geographic location, size, types of problems, kind of court, and jurisdiction were visited: Blackfeet, Coeur d-Alene, Colorado River, Colville, Fort Peck, Gila River, Hopi, Isleta Peublo, Jicarilla Apache, Menominee, Metlakatla, Navajo, Nevada Colonies, Oglala Sioux, Papago, Red Lake Chippewa, San Carlos Apache, San Juan Pueblo, Suquamish, Uintah and Ouray, Warm Springs, Yakima, and Zuni Pueblo. This report discusses the legal and historical basis for Indian courts; describes their present status and problems; identifies several strengths and weaknesses of Indian courts; presents the Model Standards for Indian Judicial Systems which were developed, along with a proposal that they be implemented immediately by four Indian courts serving as model courts; and presents a five year plan of support for Indian courts covering individual court needs assessment, tribal legislation, facilities and equipment, court related services, personnel, community relations and education, the National Indian Judiciary Research Institute, data collection, training, interagency coordination, and Congressional action. (NQ)

2293. National American Indian Court Judges Association. (1974). Supplement #1 to the Criminal court procedures manual and Research document. Washington: National American Indian Court Judges Association.
Notes: Source: WorldCat (November 1999 search)
Abstract: National American Indian Court Judges Association. Criminal Court procedures manual. Research document in support of the criminal court procedures manual.

2294. National American Indian Court Judges Association. Long Range Planning Project. (1978). Indian courts and the future : report of the NAICJA Long Range Planning Project . [Washington] : National American Indian Court Judges Association : for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off.
Notes: Source: WorldCat (November 1999 search). "Prepared under Bureau of Indian Affairs contract no. K51C14201023." Bibliography: p. 196-201.

2295. National Congress of American Indians. (1979). Hearings on draft regulations, Indian Child Welfare Act, Public law 95-608 . St. Paul, Minn. National Congress of American Indians.
Notes: Source: WorldCat (November 1999 search), accession: 22639431. "March 5 & 6, 1979." Other: Becker, Bernard P. United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs.

2296. National Congress of American Indians, United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs. Industrial and Tourism Division, & National Council on Indian Opportunity (U.S.). (1970). Investment opportunities on the Red Lake Reservation, Minnesota. Washington, D.C. Bureau of Indian Affairs.
Notes: Source: WorldCat (November 1999 search), accession: 37656894. Other: National Congress of American Indians. United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs. Industrial and Tourism Division. National Council on Indian Opportunity (U.S.)
Abstract: "Revisions of NCAI publication by Industrial & Tourism Division of Bureau of Indian Affairs with cooperation of NCIO."

2297. National Council on Indian Opportunity (U.S.). (1969). Public forum before the Committee on Urban Indians in Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota, of the National Council on Indian Opportunity, March 18-19, 1969. Washington: U.S. National Council on Indian Opportunity.
Notes: Source: WorldCat (October 1999 search), accession: 2400342

2298. (1978).
Notes: ERIC NO: ED205305
Abstract: In this statement on H.R. 13343 presented to the Committee on Government Operations, the National Tribal Chairmen's Association, along with the National Congress of American Indians and the Alaska Federation of Natives, has voiced an "emphatic and uncompromising no" to the transfer of Indian education out of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) and into the proposed Department of Education. Exercising self- determination as mandated by the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act, numerous tribal governments have prepared responses to H.R. 13343. This testimony indicates 99.5% of the federally recognized tribes have said "no" to H.R. 13343. Among the many tribal statements quoted here are negative responses from the Shoshone Bannock, Southern Ute, Utah Ute, Mescalero Apache, Oneida, Colville Confederated and Comanche Tribes, the Yankton Sioux, the Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, Taos Pueblo, Picuris Pueblo, etc. Among the concerns presented by these and other tribal governments are the following: fragmentation of Indian education services, disregard for federal trust responsibility, disregard for Indian preference, elimination of schools separately established for Indians, undermining of tribal sovereignty, conflict with P.L. 93-638 and the contracting education programs that provide for Indian control, loss of BIA's working relationship with Indian tribal organizations, etc. (JC)

2299. Native American Rights Fund. (1972). Indian legal problems. Boulder, Colo.
Notes: Source: WorldCat (November 1999 search), accession: 41823851. "Helpful Indian law sources": p.223-225.

2300. A sketch of the Missisippi from the town of St. Louis to its source in the Upper Red Cedar Lake ... (1975). [Washington]: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
Notes: Source: WorldCat (November 1999 search). Relief shown pictorially. Shows portion of Mississippi River from Rock River, Illinois to Black River, Wisconsin. Reproduced from title portion of an original. Other: Pike, Zebulon Montgomery, 1779-1813. United States. Army. Corps of Engineers.

2301. Navet, E. (1992). Esprit nomade dans tous ses états (l'exemple des Indiens Ojibway de la région des Grands Lacs. Ethnographie, 10, 117-138.
Notes: Source: endeavor.rlg.org via University of Minnesota online database, August 1999 search

2302. Needham, D. (Descendants of Bus-e-noss [sic, i.e. Bah-se-noss]. manuscript. Ahnishinahbæótjibway archives, Wub-e-ke-niew and Clara NiiSka's residence.
Notes: cited in Wub-e-ke-niew (1995)

2303. Needham, D. (1980). History of the peace pipe. in D. Needham[Dan Needham's Workshop, Goodridge, Minn.]Authentic handcrafted Indian artifacts from Dan Needham's Workshop, Red Lake Indian Reservation (p. 1). Goodridge, Minn. Dan Needham's Workshop.
Notes: Source: WorldCat (November 1999 search), accession: 20946617

2304. . (1979). D. Needham, & L. AgardReminiscences of Dan Needham, Red Lake band of Chippewa, Minnesota .
Notes: Source: WorldCat (November 1999 search), accession: 22906319

2305. Needham, D.[Dan Needham's Workshop, Goodridge, Minn.]. (1980). Authentic handcrafted Indian artifacts from Dan Needham's Workshop, Red Lake Indian Reservation. Goodridge, Minn. Dan Needham's Workshop.
Notes: Source: WorldCat (November 1999 search), accession: 20946617

2306. Neel, J. V., Biggar, R. J., & Sukernik, R. I. (1994). Virologic and Genetic Studies Relate Amerind Origins to the Indigenous People of the Mongolia Manchuria Southeastern Siberia Region. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 91(22), 10737-10741.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999 search
Abstract: A commonly held theory is that the first wave of migrants into the New World was derivative from the ethnic groups then inhabiting eastern Siberia. However, these ethnic groups jack a mtDNA haplogroup (B) that is well represented in Amerindian tribes. Also, the time depth of the other three mtDNA haplogroups found in Amerindians (A, C, and D) appears to be greater in the Amerindians than in the eastern Siberian ethnic groups. In this communication we demonstrate that the human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type II, present in 11 of the 38 Amerindian tribes thus far examined, is not present in any of the 10 ethnic groups of eastern Siberia that we have studied. However, the virus has just been reported in the indigenous population of Mongolia, and mtDNA haplogroup B is also represented in this region. On the basis of these facts, we propose that the ancestors of the first migrants to the New World were not derived from north and central Siberia but from populations to the south, inhabiting the regions of Mongolia, Manchuria, and/or the extreme southeastern tip of Siberia. [References: 50]

2307. Neill, E. D.(Edward Duffield), 1823- 1893 , & Bryant, C. S., 1808-1885. (1882). History of the Minnesota Valley : including the Explorers and pioneers of Minnesota . Minneapolis: North star publishing company.
Notes: Source: WorldCat (October 1999 search), accession: 4358074
Abstract: Preface signed: George E. Warner. Charles M. Foote. Includes index. Explorers and pioneers of Minnesota, by E. D. Neill: p. 1- 128; Outline history of the state of Minnesota: p. 129-140; Early history of the Minnesota Valley, by E. D. Neill: p. 141- 168; Geology of the Minnesota Valley, by N. H. Winchell: p. 169-176; histories of Ramsey, Hennepin, Dakota, Scott, Carver, Sibley, Le Sueur, Blue Earth, Nicollet, Brown, Redwood, Renville, Lyon, Yellow Medicine, Chippewa, Lac qui Parle, Swift, Big Stone, Traverse and Grant counties: p. 163- 999; Sisseton Indian Reservation: p. 999-1000.

2308. Nelson, A. R. (1997). A Craniofacial View of Eskimo and Amerind Biological Relations. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Suppl. 24, 202.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999 search. Paper presented at the Sixty-Sixth Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, St. Louis, Missouri, USA, April 1-5, 1997.

2309. Nelson, D. A. (1986). An analysis of variations in bone density and cortical loss in three Native American skeletal populations (mineral analysis, Midwest). Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Michigan State University.
Abstract: This study examines variations in cortical bone loss after mid-adulthood among three archaeological populations from the Midwest. Hypotheses concerning intrasite (age and sex) and inter-population variation are tested with data obtained from the femoral cortices of 123 specimens. It is suggested that differences in subsistence, particularly diet, are related to the differences in cortical gain and loss at the three sites. One population represents hunter-gatherers from the Archaic and Woodland components at the Black Earth site, Illinois. The other two populations, from the Larson Phase (Middle Mississippian) at Dickson Mounds and the eighteenth-century Fletcher site, Michigan, represent maize agriculturalists. Rectangular pieces of cortical bone approximately 1 x 1.5 cm. were excised from the anterior femoral shaft of each specimen. Photon absorptiometric techniques were applied to each sample in order to determine the bone mineral content, and cortical thickness was measured directly on each sample with Vernier calipers. A bone density index was calculated from the ratio of bone mineral index (g/cm('2)) to cortical thickness (cm), yielding a mass per volume value in terms of g/cm('3) of cortical bone. The result of the intra-site (age and sex) analysis support the proposition that members of all three populations lose cortical bone after midadulthood. The data also indicate that females lose more bone than do males after midadulthood (at the Black Earth site). Results from the comparisons between sites support the proposition that the hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists differ in the amount and patterning of cortical loss after midadulthood. Specifically, the agriculturalists in this study lost more bone mineral, cortical thickness, and bone density with advancing age than did the hunter-gatherers. A comparison of the relative changes in the three variables at the sites indicated that the maize agriculturalists lost proportionately more bone mineral than cortical thickness after midadulthood, and therefore exhibit a loss of bone density. The hunger-gatherers, on the other hand, lost proportionately similar amounts of bone mineral and cortical thickness, thereby maintaining or slightly increasing their bone density after midadulthood. It is suggested that nutritional stress associated with a maize-based diet accounts for the greater bone loss observed among the agriculturalists.

2310. Nelson, J. (1993). A study of the Knife Lake siltstone quarries on Knife Lake (Mookomaan Zaaga'igan), Quetico Provincial Park, Ontario. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Trent University (Canada).
Abstract: Knife Lake, from the Ojibwa Mookomaan zaaga'igan, lies on the Ontario-Minnesota border. A field survey including both the shoreline and the adjacent bush on the Ontario side of the lake was conducted to determine the extent of quarry activity. Twenty quarry sites were found. Evidence of quarry activity included the presence of flake scars on bedrock and boulders, hammerstones, hammerstone marks adjacent to quarry faces, and quarry debris. In addition, intact and broken preforms were recovered from quarry sites and adjacent campsites. Geological samples were obtained and those from quarry sites were overwhelmingly fine-grained Knife Lake siltstone (94%), while non-quarry samples were predominantly coarser-grained (77%). Neutron activation analysis of quarry samples showed that Knife Lake siltstone was distinct from all except some Lake of the Woods chert samples. Flakes from 7 of the 9 archaeological sites analyzed closely matched the Knife Lake quarry samples. Thin-sections of Knife Lake siltstone indicated it is composed of silt-sized particles. Its high silica content and metamorphosed nature indicate it should be called Knife Lake silicified metasiltstone.

2311. Nelson, K. D. (1990). Wisconsin, Walleye, and the Supreme Law of the Land: An Overview of the Chippewa Indian Treaty Rights Dispute in Northern Wisconsin. Hamline Journal of Public Law and Policy, 11(2), 381.
Notes: Source: UnCover (August 1999 search)

2312. . (1995). K. K. NelsonI will remember = inga-minjimendam . Bemidji, Minn. Loonfeather Press.
Notes: Source: WorldCat (November 1999 search), accession: 33938182
Abstract: "The bi-lingual text -English and Ojibwe- is imaginatively and colorfully illustrated from the artist's own experiences living near the shores of Red Lake in northern Minnesota"--p. 4 of cover.

2313. Nelson, R. E. (1987). Fond du Lac Treaty portraits: 1826. Papers, Algonquian Conference, 18, 239-246.
Notes: Source: endeavor.rlg.org via University of Minnesota online database, August 1999 search

2314. Nelson, R. E. (1983). Inscribed birch bark scrolls and other objects of the Midewiwin. Papers of the Algonquian Conference, (14), 219-235.
Notes: Source: endeavor.rlg.org via University of Minnesota online database, August 1999 search

2315. Nelson, R. E. (1984). Midewiwin medicine bags of the Ojibwa. Papers of the Algonquian Conference, 15, 397-408.
Notes: Source: endeavor.rlg.org via University of Minnesota online database, August 1999 search

2316. Nelson, S. (1991). Canada fires Ojibway woman for harassment protest. Off Our Backs, 21, 5.
Notes: Source: Women's Resources International, Women Studies Abstracts [University of Minnesota onlinedatabases], August 1999 search
Abstract: On the same day in 1986 that Brian Mulroney signed an international Proclamation to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination, his government fired Mary Pitawanakwat from a government office in Regina, Saskatchewan. After an investigation in 1988 and 1989, the Human Rights Commission confirmed many of the incidents, including discriminatory remarks against Aboriginal people, touching of her buttocks, and sexual innuendos in office memos, all creating a poisoned work environment. The government asked a federal court judge to bar the parties in the suit from carrying the case forward. In April 1991, the court ruled against the government, but threw out sexual harassment charges on a technicality, making Pitawanakwat refile them separately. Her case has won support from labor, women's rights organizations, and Aboriginal groups. S. WHALEY.

2317. Neperud, R. W., & Stuhr, P. L. (1993). Cross-Cultural Valuing of Wisconsin Indian Art by Indians and Non-Indians. Studies in Art Education, 34(4), 244.
Notes: Source: UnCover (August 1999 search)

2318. Nesper, L. E. (1994). Waswagoninniwug: conflict, tradition and identity in the Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians' spearfishing the ceded territory of Wisconsin (Volumes I and II). Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The University of Chicago.
Abstract: Beginning shortly after a U.S. Court of Appeals decision in 1983, upholding federal treaties signed in the mid-nineteenth century, the Ojibwa people of Lac du Flambeau began to both hunt deer on the lands, and spearfish prized gamefish in the lakes off their reservation both in spite, and because of growing local non-Indian opposition. By 1989, the conflict had escalated to the point of engaging the sustained attention of both the state government and the state's congressional delegation. The conflict process engendered a cultural renaissance on the reservation. I argue that this ethnic reorganization is continuous with Lac du Flambeau's long tradition of creatively transforming its relationship to dominant and encompassing cultural, social, political and economic orders. I show how a distinct Ojibwa order of value has played an important role in configuring the band's history, and the history and meaning of the conflict over spearfishing in the 1980s.

2319. (1983). [Recording]. Albany, N.Y.
Notes: Source: WorldCat (November 1999 search), accession: 31939226
Abstract: Raymond: Rural residents opinions on acid rain -- Weinstein: Detecting forest productivity reduction -- LeBlanc: Use of stem analysis to study the impact of deposition on tree growth -- Reich: Effects of O3, simulated acid rain & soil type on sugar maple & no. red oak -- Wilson: Chem. climatology of NY -- Kelly: Measurements of gas & aerosol species contr. to acid rain in Adks. -- Johannes: Est. of wet deposition using regional data -- Cheng: Effect of atmospheric deposition on marble -- Stoss: Acid rain info clearinghouse-services. [cont'd] Truettner: Woods & Panther Lake watersheds: sources of alkalinity -- Driscoll: Chem. & transport of metals in an Adk. lake -- Armstrong: Aquatic impacts of acidification in Rensselaer -- PhilpotL Detection of organic substances & heavy metals using laser fluorosensing -- Singer: Effects of acidification on sm. oligotrophic Adk. lakes -- Eicher: Effect of acidity levels on fish -- Chapman: Acid rain policy proposals -- Menz: Cost function for neutralizing acidic Adk. surface waters -- Mount: Effects of changing econ. conditions on stack emissions from power plants in N.Y

2320. Newbold, L. A. (1994). Application of the ADEA To Indian Tribes: EEOC v. Fond Du Lac Heavy Equipment & Construction Co., 986 F.2d 246 (8th Cir. 1993). Washington University Journal of Urban and Conte ..., 46, 381.
Notes: Source: UnCover (August 1999 search)

2321. Newcomer, A. D., Mcgill, D. B., & Thomas, P. J. H. A. f. (1978). Tolerance to Lactose Among Lactase Deficient American Indians. Gastroenterology, 74, 44-45.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999 search
Abstract: To determine the amount of lactose (I) that could be tolerated in a meal, 59 lactase deficient American Indians, ranging in age from 5 to 62, were given graded doses of I.

2322. Newell, W. B., 1892- . (1982). Crime and justice among the Iroquois nations . Montreal : Caughnawaga Historical Society.
Notes: Source: WorldCat database (Fall 1999 search)
Abstract: Facsim. of : Montreal : Caughnawaga Historical Society, 1925 ; 92 p. 24 cm. ; $ 5.00. "List of authorities": p. [181-184].

2323. Newkirk, M. M., Lepage, K., Niwa, T., & Rubin, L. (1998). Advanced Glycation Endproducts (AGE) on IgG, a Target for Circulating Antibodies in North American Indians With Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). Cellular & Molecular Biology (Noisy-Le-Grand), 44(7), 1129-1138.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999 search
Source: http://www.webofscience.com/CIW.cgi -- subject search on all indexes, Fall 1999
Abstract: Several tribes of North American Indians are known to have poor glucose control and are at a high risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Similarly some tribes also exhibit RA at a high frequency. We have recently determined that a subset of Caucasian patients with RA mount an immune response to IgG modified with advanced glycation endproducts (AGE). The AGE modifications on IgG in vivo include N-epsilon-(carboxymethyl) lysine, imidazolone and pentosidine. The presence of IgG-AGE and the antibody response to the IgG-AGE in the Ojibwe tribe of First Nations native Indians where both NIDDM and RA are prevalent was investigated. AGE modified IgG and albumin were determined using a modified nitroblue tetrazolium assay. Rheumatoid factors (RFs) and IgM and IgA anti-IgG-AGE were detected by ELISA. Of the 108 individuals tested, 21 had RA only, 3 had both RA and type 2 diabetes, 30 had type 2 diabetes only and 51 had no diagnosed disease. AGE modified IgG was significantly elevated in the RA group compared to the diabetic group. IgM and IgA RFs were detected in 83% and 50% of the RA patients, compared to 31-37% and 7-10% of the diabetics or normal individuals. IgM anti-IgG-AGE was detected in 54% of the RA patients, in contrast to 7-14% in the diabetics or normal individuals. IgA anti-IgG-AGE was detected in 42% of the RA patients and only 7 to 8% of the NIDDM or normal individuals. The IgM or IgA anti-IgG-AGE antibodies likely contribute to the accumulation of IgG-AGE, possibly through blocked clearance through AGE receptors. A trend towards more severe disease was seen in those Ojibwe RA patients with circulating anti-AGE antibodies. Non-enzymatic glycation may be an important pathogenic link in the RA seen in North American Indians.

2324. . (1881). T. M. Newson (Thomas McLean), 1827-1893Indian legends [of Minnesota lakes] . Minneapolis: Hoppin, Palmer & Dimond.
Notes: Source: WorldCat (October 1999 search), accession: 11446160
Abstract: Minne-too-ka: a legend of Point Wa-kon, Lake Minnetonka.--Mis-se-jar-ga: or the Angel guide. A legend of Lake Calhoun.--Minnehaha, or Laughing water.--Indian diplomacy. Fort Snelling. A run for life.

2325. Ney, J. J., & Smith, L. L., Jr. (1975). First-Year Growth Of The Yellow Perch, /Perca Flavescens/, In The Red Lakes, Minnesota. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 104(4), 718-725.
Notes: Source: Fish & Fisheries Worldwide databases: Fisheries Review [University of Minnesota onlinedatabases], August 29, 1999 search

2326. Nichols, J., & Peterson, D. A. (1996). The Amerind Personal Pronouns. Language, 72(2), 336-371.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999 search
Abstract: Personal pronouns with first person n and second person m have been claimed to be frequent in the native languages of the Americas, widespread there, and rare elsewhere, and thus to indicate genetic unity of Amerind. A controlled cross-linguistic survey shows that these pronouns have an extensive yet restricted geographical range limited to the western Americas, and that they recur (though not frequently) elsewhere around the Pacific rim. This distribution removes the strongest (and perhaps the only) evidence for genetic relatedness of Amerind. In addition, on statistical grounds the n:m paradigm fails as a diagnostic of genetic relatedness, though equally clearly it cannot be due to universals or random chance. Certain other linguistic features and one mitochondrial DNA lineage have much the same geographical and statistical distribution. Though the language families in which these features appear cannot be shown to be genetically related, the families have clearly had some shared history (the type and degree not precisely specifiable) in the distant past. The n:m pronouns reflect a single, datable, noninitial and nonterminal phase in the settlement of the Americas and are probably the best linguistic marker of that phase.* [References: 22]

2327. Nichols, J., & Peterson, D. A. (1998). Amerind Personal Pronouns - a Reply to Campbell. Language, 74(3), 605-614.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999 search

2328. Nichols, J. D. (1980). Ojibwe Morphology. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Harvard University.

2329. Nicholson, B. A. (1989). Human ecology and prehistory of the forest/grassland transition zone of Western Manitoba (Canada). Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Simon Fraser University (Canada).
Abstract: Viewed from the perspective of prehistory, the forest/grassland transition zone of western Manitoba has remained an unknown and largely uninvestigated tract of land, lying between the southern boreal forest Woodlands to the east, and the Northern Plains to the west. It is an area characterized by marked topographical and ecological diversity when compared to adjacent regions and biomes. Virtually all of the important subsistence resources of the adjacent forest and plains biomes are to be found within this forest/grassland transition zone. In addition, these diverse resources can be found to occur within a moderate distance of each other due to the mosaic pattern of habitats which characterize the distribution of the parkland vegetation. This thesis examines the interactive dynamics of the physical, biological and cultural variables operative in the study area, with the goal of developing models which account for the patterns observed in the archaeological record. These patterns result from activities associated with the local human ecology and the prehistoric adaptive strategies which developed and were utilized by the aboriginal occupants of the study area. The early ethnohistoric accounts of the region have provided sufficient information to reconstruct the basic subsistence pattern of the Assiniboine, Cree, and Ojibwa, who utilized the area during the period of European contact. In addition, it has been possible to outline the adaptive changes in subsistence strategy which these several groups undertook in response to environmental and technological variables which resulted from the European inroads. The Prehistoric period, dating from the commencement of retreat of the continental glaciers 12,000 years ago, is much more complex. The cohesive pattern that integrates developments throughout this timespan is a pattern of flexible demographic and cultural response to new or changed environmental opportunities. While the details of adaptive strategies varied from group to group, the general patterns of subsistence can be shown to conform to a limited number of basic models which are closely tied to the environmental parameters of the biomes under consideration. The human ecology of the forest/grassland transition zone of western Manitoba is characterized by patterns of flexibility in cultural response to changing environmental opportunities. The resulting adaptive strategies, which have been identified and modelled, indicate a varied repertoire of social and technological systems by means of which the various cultural groups effectively exploited the resources which were available. In addition, it can be demonstrated that 'risk reducing strategies' were employed to more fully exploit unique or temporary situations afforded by the interactions of physical, biological, and cultural variables affecting the total human environment.

2330. Nicol, A. J. (1979). Self concept and perceptions of skilled occupations of selected adult Metis in rural northern Alberta. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Oregon State University.

2331. Nicolet College. (1974). Project Native American Resource, May 15, 1973-May 17, 1974 : report and evaluation. Rhinelander, Wis. The College.
Notes: Source: WorldCat database (October 15, 1999 search)

2332. Niemi, G. J., & Hanowski, J. M. (2). Dynamics Of Breeding Bird Communities And Habitats In The Red Lake Peatland, Northern Minnesota. Bull. Ecol. Soc. Am., 239.
Notes: Source: Wildlife Worldwide database,Wildlife Review Abstracts [University of Minnesota onlinedatabases], August 1999 search

2333. Niemi, G. J., & Hanowski, J. M. (1984). Effects of a Transmission Line on Bird Populations in the Red Lake Peatland, Northern Minnesota (Usa). The Auk , 101(3), 487-498, bibl., il.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999 search
Source: University of Minnesota Biological & Agricultural Index [electronic database], Fall 1999 search
Abstract: The effects of a 500-kV transmission line on bird populations were assessed by comparing paired treatment areas (which included a transmission line and right-of-way (ROW)) with similar control areas in 6 different habitat types during the breeding and migration seasons. Habitat structure was measured to examine the inherent differences between control and treatment areas. Using 2 census methods, territorial mapping and transect counts, it was determined that sedge wrens and LeConte's sparrows had lower breeding-population densities in treatment areas than in control areas. LeConte's sparrows and Connecticut warblers occurred at greater mean distances from the transmission line in treatment areas than from a similarly positioned line in control areas. Fifteen paired t-tests (5 habitats in 3 yr), in which territorial mapping data were used, revealed that community densities were lower in 1 treatment habitat (high shrub) in 1 of 3 yr (P lt 0.05). A 2-way analysis of variance with transect counts was not confirmatory when yearly variation was included. Transect counts revealed lower population densities in 1 treatment habitat (low shrub) in 2 of 3 yr (P lt 0.05). Greater species richness (P lt 0.05) was observed in 2 treatment habitats (closed spruce and sedge fen) than in controls. Treatment habitats were most similar in habitat structure to their paired control habitats, but each habitat of the pair was significantly different (P lt 0.05) from the other in at least 2 of 10 habitat characteristics analyzed. It is suggested that avian differences observed between paired areas were primarily attributable to the inherent habitat differences between control and treatment areas and the new habitat created under the transmission line. Data indicated negligible effects of this transmission line on bird populations, but interpretations are difficult, because the effects varied with habitat, season and method considered. Postimpact studies, which compare control and treatment areas, are less effective than before-and-after studies, because differences in habitat structure exist between any 2 areas.

2334. Red Lake genealogies. (1997). [Genealogical database]. C. NiiSka, Wub-e-ke-niew, & et al. Red Lake Ahnishinahbæótjibway of the Bear Dodem.
Notes: cited in Wub-e-ke-niew (1995)

2335. Noel, J. V. (1988). Dry Millennium: temperance and a new social order in mid-nineteenth-century Canada and Red River. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Toronto (Canada).
Abstract: From the upsurge of temperance revivals in 1841 to the narrow defeat of a prohibition bill in the Province of Canada in 1855, the records suggest that at least five hundred thousand people took the total abstinence pledge. Campaigns in the less populous western colony of Red River added perhaps another thousand to the number. Their motives ranged from such mundane considerations as labour efficiency to a conviction that the millenium was at hand. The latter notion influenced devout members of the Montreal business community and their wives. Through the agency of the Montreal Temperance Society they undertook in 1841 to send out agents to every English-speaking community in the Province. Montreal's missionaries enjoyed particular success in Canada West, where the rural population was outgrowing 'frontier' drinking patterns. In Toronto and other towns, the increasing influence of evangelicals, growing social problems, and restlessness for progress all helped win recruits. Meanwhile, temperance took different courses in two other British North American communities. Among the French-speaking peoples of Canada East, Father Charles Chiniquy linked temperance to progress and canadien patriotism. He thereby induced over half the population to take the teetotal pledge--helping, in the process, to confirm the social leadership of the clergy. In Red River, restraint by the Hudson's Bay Company and temperance preaching by missionaries led to a more sober society in the three decades following the union of rival fur trade companies in 1821. But enthusiasm was less marked than in Canada. It clashed with the drive for free trade (of which liquor was a major commodity) which was integral to metis nationalism. Red River's drinking practices can also be seen partly in the context of a traditional society resisting attempts at modernization; while political upheaval and the lack of effective law enforcement also play a part. Back in Canada, temperance continued to flourish among many progressive farmers, ambitious artisans, ardent nationalists and in the growing ranks of middle class women. At their fore were a French Catholic clergy, rapidly growing in influence; and the rising entrepreneurs of Toronto and Montreal. Such forces assured the movement's prominence in the mid-nineteenth century and days ahead.

2336. . (1979). J. Norcross, & C. KelseyReminiscences of Josephine Lightning Norcross, Red Lake band of Chippewa, Minnesota .
Notes: Source: WorldCat (November 1999 search), accession:: 22906330

2337. Norland, R. A. (1989). "Boys in blue" : Blue Earth County in the Civil and Indian wars, 1861-1865 . Archive/Manuscript Control.
Notes: Source: WorldCat (October 1999 search), accession: 20001872

2338. . (1990). R. A. Norland"Common men, uncommon times" : Blue Earth County in the Civil and Indian wars, 1861-1865 .
Notes: Source: WorldCat (November 1999 search), accession: 22466817. Typescript. Cover title. Includes bibliographical references (leaf 33).

2339. Norton, H. V. (1950). The Chippewa and Sioux bury the hatchet. Totem Pole, 24(6), 1-3.
Notes: Source: endeavor.rlg.org via University of Minnesota online database, August 1999 search

2340. [not identified]. (1900). [Ojibwa beaded carved wood bone glass necklaces.]. United States Minnesota Grand Portage Indian Reservation.
Notes: Source: PALS Online Catalog (November 1999 search), Bib-Record-Id: 09-00034383
Abstract: Necklace is strung with carved bone beads, some shaped like animal teeth, cylindrical glass beads and various colors of small wood cubes. One end of the necklace has a pendant fringed leather element. From the Grand Portage Reservation, Minn.

2341. [not identified]. ([ca. 1915]). [Ojibwa beaded costume ornament.]. United States Minnesota White Earth Indian Reservation.
Notes: Source: PALS Online Catalog (November 1999 search), Bib-Record-Id: 09-00034380
Abstract: Beaded ornament is from the White Earth Reservation, Minn.

2342. [not identified]. (1900). United States Minnesota White Earth Indian Reservation.
Notes: Source: PALS Online Catalog (November 1999 search), Bib-Record-Id: 09-00034385
Abstract: Necklace from the White Earth Reservation, Minn., is a beaded chain of pink, green and blue beads.

2343. [not identified]. (1900a). [Ojibwa beaded cloth leather moccasins].
Notes: Source: PALS Online Catalog (November 1999 search), Bib-Record-Id: 09-00033559

2344. [not identified]. ([ca. 1900]). [Ojibwa beaded cloth leather moccasins].
Notes: Source: PALS Online Catalog (November 1999 search), Bib-Record-Id: 09-00033565

2345. [not identified]. ([ca. 1900]). [Ojibwa beaded cloth leather moccasins].
Notes: Source: PALS Online Catalog (November 1999 search), Bib-Record-Id: 09-00033576

2346. [not identified]. ([Date unknown]). [Ojibwa beaded cloth floral pattern neckties.].
Notes: Source: PALS Online Catalog (November 1999 search), Bib-Record-Id: 09-00034349
Abstract: Necktie consists of a layer of striped glossy cloth backed with a layer of tan loosely woven cloth and shaped with a narrow center section flanked by rectangular sections. The tan side of each rectangular section has a floral pattern in red, light blue and dark blue glass seed beads on a light blue background. Each pattern is spot-stitched and different.

2347. [not identified]. ([Early 20th century]). [Ojibwa loom-woven beadwork floral pattern necklaces].
Notes: Source: PALS Online Catalog (November 1999 search), Bib-Record-Id: 09-00034355
Abstract: Narrow loom-woven [sic] beadwork band of glass seed beads has a dark green background and individual multicolored beadwork flowers incorporated along the edge of the band so that half projects from the side of the band. This type of necklace, the daisy chain, was and still is manufactured for commercial sale.

2348. [not identified]. ([194-]). [Ojibwa beaded felt ribbon feather headdresses].
Notes: Source: PALS Online Catalog (November 1999 search), Bib-Record-Id: 09-00033677
Abstract: Feather headdress was a gift to U.S. representative Harold C. Hagen from an unidentified Minnesota band of Ojibwa. The skullcap is felt lined with white satin. The forehead is beaded with a red, white and blue star pattern and has dangling ribbons at either temple. Large tufted brown feathers approximately 17 inches in length are attached to the perimeter of the cap with leather thong.

2349. [not identified]. (1890). [Ojibwa beaded lined leather moccasins].
Notes: Source: PALS Online Catalog (November 1999 search), Bib-Record-Id: 09-00033581
Abstract: Pair of soft sole leather moccasins are sewn at the center of the toe and heel with tan thread. The separate vamp is beaded leather lined with leather. The beadwork has a pyramid and a cross design that uses rose, gold, dark blue, light green and dark green glass seed beads. The tongue is plain leather lined with leather. Cuffs are leather lined with beige cloth and edged with glossy grayish green cloth on the sides and bottom and glossy black cloth on the top edges. The cuff beadwork consists of a simple zigzag pattern of rose and white beads and a top edge of paired white beads. Two leather ties are sewn to each cuff.

2350. [not identified]. ([ca. 1910]). [Ojibwa beaded lined leather flannel fur moccasins.].
Notes: Source: PALS Online Catalog (November 1999 search), Bib-Record-Id: 09-00033605
Abstract: Pair of dark brown leather moccasins each have a single unit sole and upper, the toe of which is gathered to a separate vamp and tongue. The vamp is beaded in a floral pattern. The top cuff edge is outlined with brown fur. Both moccasins are lined with gray flannel; one interior has a tape that is marked "Henry T. Richardson 2nd".

2351. [not identified]. ([Date unknown]). [Ojibwa beaded leather moccasins].
Notes: Source: PALS Online Catalog (November 1999 search), Bib-Record-Id: 09-00033626
Abstract: No description available

2352. [not identified]. (1915). [Beaded suspended ornament.]. United States Minnesota White Earth Reservation.
Notes: Source: PALS Online Catalog (November 1999 search), Bib-Record-Id: 09-00034389
Abstract: Wide beaded necklace suspends a beaded breast ornament, both from the White Earth Reservation, Minn. The beadwork pattern is a small scale design on a white background.

2353. [not identified]. ([Date unknown]). [Ojibwa dyed beaded cloth hair headdresses].
Abstract: Men's headdress consists of a teardrop shaped base of blue cloth exterior backed with tan cloth. A slit pierces both layers of the wider end of the base. Long strands of natural brown and white animal hair are sewn along the outer edge of the base, encircling an inner row of dyed pink and orange animal hair and an innermost circle of spot-stitched red, green and yellow glass seed beads. The hair most often used for roaches is deer, moose or porcupine. A pink cord dangling from the roach is sewn to the narrower end of the base exterior.

2354. [not identified]. (1875). [Ojibwa beaded shell metal necklaces.]. United States Minnesota White Earth Indian Reservation.
Notes: Source: PALS Online Catalog (November 1999 search), Bib-Record-Id: 09-00034366
Abstract: Fragment of a necklace that is composed of small white shells and clear glass seed beads strung on white cotton thread with a part of a metal clasp on one end. This necklace was a gift to the donor from a dance at the White Earth Reservation, Minn.

2355. [not identified]. (1881). [Ojibwa lined beaded velvet floral pattern caps]. United States Minnesota Beltrami Red Lake Reservation.
Notes: Source: PALS Online Catalog (November 1999 search), Bib-Record-Id: 09-00033669
Abstract: Black velvet ceremonial cap from the Red Lake Reservation, Minn., is lined with homespun cloth, bound on the edged with red cloth binding and beaded on the exterior with a multicolor floral pattern. The cap is shaped like a military cap.

2356. [not identified]. ([ca. 1920]). [Ojibwa beaded velvet leather moccasins].
Notes: Source: PALS Online Catalog (November 1999 search), Bib-Record-Id: 09-00033603
Abstract: Pair of plain dark grayish brown leather moccasins have an oval rust colored velvet vamp edged with red fabric and trimmed with floral beadwork pattern using orange, metallic, green and white beads. The moccasin ties with buckskin laces.

2357. [not identified]. (1910). [Ojibwa beaded fobs.]. United States Minnesota White Earth Indian Reservation.
Notes: Source: PALS Online Catalog (November 1999 search), Bib-Record-Id: 09-00034379
Abstract: Beaded watch fob is from the White Earth Reservation, Minn.

2358. [not identified]. ([ca. 1900]). [Ojibwa braided beaded glass necklaces.]. United States Minnesota White Earth Indian Reservation.
Notes: Source: PALS Online Catalog (November 1999 search), Bib-Record-Id: 09-00034361
Abstract: Necklace consists of braided strands of multicolor [predominantly green] glass seed beads strung on tan thread that form a long chain with two large, round green glass beads at each end and multicolor beaded loops at each end. Necklace was in the collection of John R. Howard, Indian agent at White Earth Reservation, Minn., in the early 1900s.

2359. [not identified]. ([Date unknown]). [Ojibwa dyed sewn braided hair yarn headdresses].
Notes: Source: PALS Online Catalog (November 1999 search), Bib-Record-Id: 09-00033635
Abstract: Men's headdress consists of a teardrop shaped base sewn from braided blue, white and pink wool yarn. The exterior side is covered with black cloth [possibly felt or leather] with a slit near the wider end. Dyed orange animal hairs are sewn along the outer edge of the base, encircling an inner row of natural brown and white animal hair and an innermost ring of dyed red hairs. The hair most often used for roaches is deer, moose or porcupine. A red cord dangling from the roach is sewn to the narrower end of the base exterior.

2360. [not identified]. ([Date unknown]). [Ojibwa braided dyed wool cord hair headdresses].
Notes: Source: PALS Online Catalog (November 1999 search), Bib-Record-Id: 09-00033638
Abstract: Men's headdress consists of a teardrop shaped base sewn from braided burgundy and white wool yarn with a slit near the wider end. Two types of long and thin animal hairs are sewn with dark thread along the outer edge of the base; some are dyed orangish yellow, others are black with yellow tips. The hair most often used for roaches is deer, moose or porcupine. A pink cord dangling from the roach is sewn to the narrower end of the base exterior. See also roach stick 10000.194 B upon which the roach was stored, then wrapped in white cotton gauze.

2361. [not identified]. ([ca. 1895]). [Ojibwa beaded leather children's moccasins].
Notes: Source: PALS Online Catalog (November 1999 search), Bib-Record-Id: 09-00033587
Abstract: Pair of beaded soft sole leather moccasins for a child.

2362. [not identified]. ([ca. 1900]). [Ojibwa lined beaded velvet leather children's moccasins].
Notes: Source: PALS Online Catalog (November 1999 search), Bib-Record-Id: 09-00033624
Abstract: Pair of children's soft leather moccasins each have a seam at the heel and toe. The cuffs are 2.5 inches wide and covered with dark red velvet, on which is beaded a floral design. The cuffs are lined with brown and white checker pattern cloth and are bound with blue twilled cloth tape which forms ties for the front. The vamp and tongue is also red velvet with a single beadwork flower.

2363. [not identified]. ([Date unknown]). [Ojibwa embroidered dyed hide children's moccasins]. United States Minnesota Cass Cass Lake.
Notes: Source: PALS Online Catalog (November 1999 search), Bib-Record-Id: 09-00033582
Abstract: Child's pair of soft sole, machine-stitched, ankle high moccasins are made of tanned hide with a seam at the back of the heel and leg. A single flower is embroidered on the vamp using a running stitch and pinkish red wool floss with a stem and leaves of medium to dark yellowish green silk floss. The tongue is stitched to the insides of the leg and the front leg edges have two pairs of brass hooks for lacing with no laces present. A single row of pink stitching borders the vamp with the upper. A leather binding around the edge of the upper has been dyed medium bluish green. Moccasins leg is lined with yellow white cotton. Moccasin (B) is marked "1.75" on the lining. [All National Bureau of Standards colors].

2364. [not identified]. ([ca. 1890]). [Ojibwa leather velvet ribbon children's moccasins].
Notes: Source: PALS Online Catalog (November 1999 search), Bib-Record-Id: 09-00033594
Abstract: A child's single moccasin has a black velvet ankle flap trimmed in red ribbon with a red ribbon tie in front. The leather uppers have white thread stitches on the vamp where there once was beadwork.

2365. [not identified]. ([ca. 1920]). [Ojibwa dyed hair yarn leather headdresses]. United States Minnesota Leech Lake Indian Reservation. Cass Walker.
Notes: Source: PALS Online Catalog (November 1999 search), Bib-Record-Id: 09-00033659
Abstract: Men's headdress consists of a teardrop shaped braided cotton or yarn base that is sewn with brown thread and has a hole near the wider end. Dyed red porcupine hairs are sewn with brown thread along the outer edge of the base. The center is sewn with dyed red and natural brown animal hair. A leather cord dangling from the roach is sewn to the narrower end of the base exterior. This roach is part of an Ojibwa dance costume used by Kay-zhee-baush-kung (Otto Bismark) of the Leech Lake Reservation, Minn. See also items 1984.156 and 1984.157.

2366. [not identified]. ([Date unknown]). [Ojibwa dyed braided wool hair cord headdresses].
Notes: Source: PALS Online Catalog (November 1999 search), Bib-Record-Id: 09-00033636
Abstract: Men's headdress consists of a teardrop shaped base sewn from braided yarn with a hole near the wider end. Long strands of dyed red animal hair with black tips are sewn with dark thread along the outer edge of the base. The hair most often used for roaches is deer, moose or porcupine. On the reverse side of the base, a dangling pink cord is tied to the narrower end. See also roach stick 10000.202 B upon which the roach was stored, then wrapped with white cotton gauze.

2367. [not identified]. ([Date unknown]). [Ojibwa sewn dyed hair cord headdresses].
Abstract: Men's headdress consists of a teardrop shaped base with a slit near the wider end, sewn from narrow cord that is wrapped with animal hair. Long natural white and black and dyed red animal hairs are sewn with dark thread along the outer edge of the base. The interior has rows of clipped animal hairs dyed white, red, orange and purple. The hair most often used for roaches is deer, moose or porcupine. A brown cord dangling from the roach is sewn to the narrower end of the base exterior. See also roach stick 10000.197 B upon which the roach was stored, then wrapped in white cotton gauze.

2368. [not identified]. ([Date unknown]). [Ojibwa braided dyed wool hair headdresses].
Abstract: Men's headdress consists of a teardrop shaped base sewn from braided white and blue wool yarn with a hole near the wider end. Long strands of dyed pink animal hair are sewn with dark thread along the outer edge of the base. Natural black and yellow animal hairs are sewn to the inner edge. The hair most often used for roaches is deer, moose or porcupine. A dangling tan string covered with red cloth is sewn to the narrower end of the base.

2369. [not identified]. ([Date unknown]). [Ojibwa braided dyed hair yarn plastic leather headdresses].
Notes: Source: PALS Online Catalog (November 1999 search), Bib-Record-Id: 09-00033655
Abstract: Men's headdress consists of a teardrop shaped base made from braided burgundy, green and faded purple wool yarn, covered with leather on the exterior, and pierced with a hole near the wider end. Rows of long animal hairs are sewn with grayish brown thread along the outer edge of the base; some are dyed orange, yellow, red or green, others are natural brown, white or gold. The hair most often used for roaches is deer, moose or porcupine. Two ivory colored plastic rings are sewn on one side of the roach and four on the other, all of varying diameters.

2370. [not identified]. ([Late 19th-early 20th century]). [Ojibwa sewn dyed hair cord cloth headdresses].
Notes: Source: PALS Online Catalog (November 1999 search), Bib-Record-Id: 09-00033644
Abstract: Men's headdress consists of a teardrop shaped base with a hole near the wider end, sewn from narrow cord that is wrapped with animal hair. Dyed long red animal hairs are sewn with dark thread along the outer edge of the base. The interior has rows of clipped animal hairs dyed purple surrounded by long natural brown and yellow animal hairs. The hair most often used for roaches is deer, moose or porcupine. A pink elastic cord with bits of brown, pink and white striped cloth tied at the end is sewn to the reverse side of the narrower end of the base. See also roach stick 10000.199 B upon which the roach was stored, then wrapped in white cotton gauze.

2371. [not identified]. ([ca. 1920]). [Ojibwa beaded embroidered lined buckskin moccasins//Buckskin fringe].
Notes: Source: PALS Online Catalog (November 1999 search), Bib-Record-Id: 09-00033595
Abstract: Pair of soft sole buckskin moccasins have a blue cloth backing inside the high cuff. The curved vamp seam is fringed and marked with a chain of multicolor beadwork. The vamp center is embroidered with multicolor thread images of a canoe, a deer, a turtle, a star, a moon and a pair of crossed lacrosse sticks. The cuff exterior is beaded with a chain of dark blue, light blue, coral and green.

2372. [not identified]. ([ca. 1925]). [Ojibwa feather headdresses]. United States Minnesota Red Lake Reservation.
Notes: Source: PALS Online Catalog (November 1999 search), Bib-Record-Id: 09-00033672
Abstract: Feather headdress was a gift to U.S. Representative Harold C. Hagen from the Red Lake [Minn.] band of Ojibwa.

2373. [not identified]. ([ca. 1900]). [Ojibwa wool button hoods. Colored fringe]. United States Minnesota Grand Portage Indian Reservation.
Notes: Source: PALS Online Catalog (November 1999 search), Bib-Record-Id: 09-00033653
Abstract: Brownish gray wool hood is gathered at the back of the neck and has yellow and black fringe sewn in at the edge seams and vertically bisecting the back of the hood. The hood secures by means of a ribbon tied around a brown button at the neck. Hood is from the Grand Portage Reservation, Minn.

2374. [not identified]. ([Date unknown]). United States Minnesota.
Notes: Source: PALS Online Catalog (November 1999 search), Bib-Record-Id: 09-00033652
Abstract: Men's headdress is decorated with animal hair. The hair most often used for roaches is deer, moose or porcupine.

2375. [not identified]. ([Mid-20th century]). [Ojibwa dyed sewn yarn hair headdresses. Loom-woven lined felt elastic beadwork headbands.].
Notes: Source: PALS Online Catalog (November 1999 search), Bib-Record-Id: 09-00033664
Abstract: Men's headdress consists of a teardrop shaped base of thick dark brown wool yarn with a small hole in the wider end. Rows of dyed red animal hairs and natural white and brown animal hairs are sewn along the outer edge of the base with black thread. The hair most often used for roaches is deer, moose or porcupine. A loom-woven beadwork headstrap backed with brown felt attaches to the base with two snaps and features a strip of elastic. The beadwork has a light blue, yellow and orange cross design on a transclucent silver bead background.

2376. [not identified]. ([Early 20th century]). [Ojibwa loom-woven glass beadwork necklaces]. United States Minnesota White Earth Indian Reservation.
Notes: Source: PALS Online Catalog (November 1999 search), Bib-Record-Id: 09-00034388
Abstract: Necklace consists of a strip of loom-woven glass seed beads in a geometric pattern of dark blue and yellow on a black thread warp. Looped tassels of lustrous beads are strung through slits in the chain, one at the center, a second midway to an end, and two at either end of the chain. A short section of the band has rusted beads. The necklace was in the collection of John R. Howard, Indian agent at White Earth Reservation, Minn., in the early 1900s.

2377. [not identified]. ([Late 19th-early 20th century]). [Ojibwa loom-woven beadwork floral pattern neckties. Wool yarn fringe].
Notes: Source: PALS Online Catalog (November 1999 search), Bib-Record-Id: 09-00034356
Abstract: Necktie consists of a long beadwork panel that is narrow in the center and flanked by unequal long rectangles. The warp ends have a short red wool yar