The United States of America is
founded on an unresolvable dilemma, because the land upon which that
nation
claims sovereignty is not theirs. On
one hand, the formulators of the U.S. Constitution defined the
Aboriginal
Indigenous peoples and nations as non-existent, describing us as a
"vast
extent of unpeopled territory."[i] On the other hand, the European colonists
knew very well that Aboriginal Indigenous peoples and nations were real. The White men who framed the United States
Constitution intended that their new nation "endure not only for ages
but
indeed forever."[ii] They understood that the foundation of
their future was the legacy of their past and present, and sought to
resolve
their quandary by dealing with their Indians, who were patrilineally
Lislakh
and therefore came within the Western European paradigm--although these
Indians
were not the Aboriginal Indigenous people who owned the land.
The first executive act of George
Washington, President of the United States, after inaugural expressions
of
divine support and Congressional compliments, and a discussion of
Presidential
pay, was the following message to the Senate dated May 25, 1789, New
York:[iii]
In pursuance of the order of the late Congress, treaties
between the United States and several nations of Indians have been
negotiated
and signed. These treaties, with sundry
papers respecting them, I now lay before you, for your consideration
and
advice, by the hands of General Knox, under whose official
superintendence the
business was transacted, and who will be ready to communicate to you
any
information on such points as may appear to require it.
Six
years earlier,
General George Washington had outlined the principles of his Indian
policy in a
letter included in the published papers of the Continental Congress:
... the faith of
the United States stands pledged to grant portions of the uncultivated [sic]
lands as a bounty to [the U.S.] army,[iv]
and in reward of their courage and fidelity, and the public finances do
not
admit of any considerable expenditure to extinguish the claims upon
such lands;
because it is become necessary, by increase of domestic population
and
emigrations from abroad, to make speedy provision for extending the
settlement
of the territories of the United States, and because the public
creditors have
been led to believe and have a right to expect that those territories
will be
speedily improved into a fund towards the security and payment of the
national
debt. Nor in the opinion of the
committee can the Indians [sic] themselves have any reasonable
objections
against the establishment recommended ...[v]
With
racist
blindness to the irony, the United States added genocide to the
colonization
tactics applied to themselves by King George III.[vi] The Americans took the European colonial
practices under which they themselves had suffered, and added yet
another layer
of violence. They attacked the
Aboriginal Indigenous people of this Continent with such brutality that
everyone
from Adolf Hitler[vii]
to the
Mongols of Genghis Khan's homeland[viii]
have considered U.S. history the archetype of genocide.
The founding fathers set the cornerstone of
the land of the free on stolen property soaked with blood.
On September 17, 1787, Congress
ratified the U.S. Constitution. Through
the Commerce Clause (Section 8), they used categorical Indians to
unilaterally
try to abrogate the inherent Sovereign right of the Aboriginal
Indigenous
nations to trade. This violation of
International Law was expanded and elaborated with additional Acts
of
Congress, so-called Indian treaties, executive orders,
Government-monopoly
trade, federal bureaucracies, and State statutes. The
Indian pseudo-structure created by the United States is still
here, and it's still a violation of Aboriginal Indigenous peoples'
natural
rights, human rights, property rights and Sovereignty.
The history of this Continent has
been continually distorted by the ambiguous use of the word, Indian. In 1491, there were about one billion
Aboriginal Indigenous people of the land erroneously called the
Americas. There was not one Indian on
either one of
these Continents, not a half-breed, or a quarter-breed.
Kirkpatrick Sale cites the work of
Sherburn Cook and Woodrow Borah of the University of California at
Berkeley.[ix]
Working from the Spanish Census of 1496
of the island the Spaniards called Española (now re-named Haiti
and the
Dominican Republic), they calculated the pre-Columbian Aboriginal
Indigenous
population there at just under 8 million, or a population density of
slightly
less than one person for every two acres.
The ravaged nation which history called Tainos used a
blend of
forest permaculture and intercropped annual gardens, fishing and
hunting in an
ecologically sustainable subsistence base, as did Aboriginal Indigenous
peoples
throughout these Continents. The
details of our harmony varied with bioregional diversity, but the
underlying
pattern of efficient permaculturally-based subsistence was consistent
throughout this Continent. The
ecological infrastructure of a tropical island is different from that
of
temperate woodlands or the Arctic, but from the perspective of
Aboriginal
Indigenous people none of this land was wasteland.
Euro-Americans are only now beginning to discover the remnants
of
Aboriginal Indigenous peoples' wealth of crops, for example the corn
and beans
reintroduced by Native Seed Search, which grow without irrigation in
arid land
the Euro-Americans call desert.[x] The
implications of these seeds and other
crops, and the permacultural context in which they were grown, are
greater than
Western European historians, anthropologists, and ethnobotanists may
realize.
The land area of this Continent is
approximately eight and a half million square miles; that of the
continent
misnamed South America slightly more than 6.8 million square miles. The fecundity of this land has been
demolished by European occupation. Many
highly productive permacultural crops have been intentionally destroyed,[xi]
and others have been displaced by immigrant Eurasian plants.[xii] In some places, the land itself has
disappeared, eroded away after imported sheep and cattle trampled and
overgrazed once highly productive perennial grain fields.[xiii] An Aboriginal Indigenous population of
approximately one billion people in the year 1491, on both of these
Continents,
is probably an underestimate--an overall population density one-fourth
that of
tropical islands like that renamed Española, one-half the
average population
density of Asia in 1990. Our Aboriginal
Indigenous permacultural agriculture is more efficient than any now
widely
practiced in the world. Our population
was limited not by a Malthusian approach to the limits of our potential
food
supply, or by what the Christians envision as the other three of the
Four
Horsemen (War, Pestilence, and Plague), but by common sense, an
understanding
of natural and social harmonies, valuing the balance among all living
beings,
and a variety of contraceptive medicinals.
Aboriginal Indigenous society is based on a different world-view
than Indo-European,
Semitic, Asian and African hierarchical societies.
The scattered tribes of Euro-American mythology sustain the
self-serving illusion that Europeans discovered America, and that
"there
was nothing, and nobody, here."
Sailors
from the Mediterranean were not the first people from Eurasia who have
visited
our Continents. The Vikings came
through the quarantine of their Icelandic and Greenland colonies.[xiv] The Inuit people have traded, visited, and
married back and forth throughout the circumpolar arctic for millennia.
On August 5, 1498, some of the
seventeen ships of Christopher Columbus' second voyage chartered by
Spanish
royalty under the aegis of the Holy Roman Empire, made continental
landfall. Either then, or shortly
thereafter, rats carrying bubonic plague scurried from the
filth-encrusted
Spanish ships onto the Continent. Thus
began five hundred years of pollution, rape, pillage, plunder, plagues,
and the
defiling of our land. During the next
fifty years, countless other ships[xv]
brought nearly a hundred deadly diseases, armed and violent desperados,
chemical warfare and ecological devastation.
By the fifteenth century, Eurasia
was a cesspool of deadly diseases.
Europe was so polluted that taking a bath nearly guaranteed
death from
water-borne diseases. Part of the rush
to find new routes to the Orient was the search for perfumes--the
stench of the
Europeans must have been vile. Lethal
and severely debilitating diseases are not something that just
happen--they
co-evolve with the host population. The
patterns of warfare and disharmony, which have prevailed in Eurasia and
North
Africa throughout their recorded history, created socio-ecological
niches in
which lethal epidemic disease organisms could flourish.[xvi] The Lislakh and Asian subsistence patterns
which included domesticated animals also engendered diseases, then
these
diseases further modified the cultural ecology of their host
population. Smallpox is an example:
people who are
intimately associated with cattle are relatively more resistant to
smallpox
because of some cross-immunity with cow-pox.
Periodic epidemics of smallpox created depopulated areas into
which the
cattle-herding peoples expanded. The
Hindu sacred cows, and worship of Kali, Goddess of Smallpox,
acknowledges the
role that smallpox played in the migration of Indo-European
cattle-herders into
India.[xvii]
Over the millennia, the Aboriginal
Indigenous Nations of these Continents had developed ecologically
harmonious,
non-violent networks of society which were not conducive to the
co-evolution of
epidemic diseases--but the same balanced ecologies and unimpeded
contact which
had prevented deadly plagues from festering in isolated populations,
maintaining a reservoir for future epidemics, also made us extremely
vulnerable
to the introduction of the Europeans' diseases. Within
ten years of the time that the first Europeans were
hospitably greeted by Aboriginal Indigenous people, nearly ninety
percent of
our people, from the Arctic in the North, to the place which Spanish
sailors
called Tierra del Fuego in the South, had died, and this was just the
beginning. More than nine hundred
million Aboriginal Indigenous people died in the first wave of
epidemics that
swept across our Continents. Many of
the subsequent epidemics, particularly smallpox and tuberculosis,
were
deliberately planned germ warfare by the Europeans.[xviii]
Not one single disease went the
other way, from the Aboriginal Indigenous people to the European
invaders. Forensic archaeologists, among
others, have
tried to assuage their guilt by saying that we had non-venereal
syphilis. Syphilis spread through Europe
from Italy,
not Spain or Portugal--and Ahnishinahbæótjibway
and other
Aboriginal Indigenous people have been at least as devastated by
syphilis as
the Europeans were. Stretching the
evidence to claim documentation of pre-Columbian non-venereal syphilis
in this
hemisphere is a blame-the-victim projection of the Europeans. The choice of syphilis, a sexually
transmitted disease which can lead to insanity, as the one disease
purported to
have been given to the European invaders, is fraught with symbolism of
the
Europeans' relationship to this Continent.
Before it became expedient to blame Aboriginal Indigenous people
here
for syphilis, the not-unlikely European folklore was that it was a
trans-species disease mutation which came from Mediterranean shepherds
raping
their sheep.
European agriculture is based
largely on annual mono-crops and domesticated animals.
A 90% depopulation of Europe would have left
abandoned fields of noxious weeds, rats in the granaries while the
surviving
people starved, flocks devoured by predators.
Aboriginal Indigenous peoples' relationship with Grandmother
Earth was
based on an ecologically harmonious permaculture. Although
our people died by the hundreds of millions, the bounty
of our food remained to sustain generations of Europeans, who called
the
gardens and forests of our people wild.
Nobody has ever counted the number
of people who were brought to our Continents during the first hundred
and fifty
years after the Europeans tried to claim our property in the name of
"God
and King." Convict laborers,
slaves, Moorish mixed-bloods, military draftees, fortune-seekers lured
by
fantastic tales, second sons disinherited by primogeniture, and
countless
refugees from the violent European social hierarchy and religious
fanaticism
all came to this Continent. The
surviving records document the merchandise in more detail than the
people whose
forced labor produced it. Between 1503
and 1660, 200 tons of gold and 18,600 tons of silver reached the
Spanish
treasury--how much more left these Continents undocumented is open to
speculation. By 1519, one hundred ships
per year shipped cod back to Europe. In
1620, thirty thousand beaver skins per year were part of the documented
trade
to Europe; by 1650 five thousand tons of tobacco and thirty thousand
tons of
sugar were being shipped to European markets.[xix] No
Aboriginal Indigenous person who could
walk (or even drag themselves) away, would willingly have worked in the
mines,
or on the plantations; all of these plundered and ecologically
exploitive
products required labor controlled by the Europeans.
None of the fleets of galleons and trade ships made the Westward
trip empty, and none of them contained trade goods for the Aboriginal
Indigenous people in exchange for what was stolen.
The galleon holds that were bulging with gold, silver and other
plundered resources going toward Europe, had been filled with human
cargo in
chains going the other way.
Nobody knows how many slaves,
indentured servants, hapless refugees and military conscripts, whose
Sovereignty was held by the Europeans, escaped from the European
colonies,
plantations, and armies. This is a
question that has not been addressed in histories written by Europeans. From the first voyage of Columbus to the
Roanoke Colony, from the expeditions of Cortés to the coureur
de bois of
the French fur trade, written history is dotted with intriguing hints
of
uncounted European subject peoples who braved the unknown for their
freedom and
ran away.
Many of these refugees from the
cat-o-nine-tails, iron maidens, racks, burning at the stake, dungeons,
starvation, forced labor and the gallows made it across the river and
over the
metaphorical hill. The first refugees
were welcomed with the hospitality that is inherent in Aboriginal
Indigenous
culture. They were fed, and learned to
recognize and prepare some of the foods which grew abundantly in our
lands. Their wounds were doctored, and
they were clothed.
Very few of these refugees could
make the transition out of the violent, hierarchical values which
remain part
of the European world-view and languages, and acculturate into
Aboriginal Indigenous
communities, so many of them were eventually shunned.
These European, other Lislakh and African escapees ganged
together, and developed a Creole culture out of their own cultures, the
fragmentary bits of technology some of them had learned from Aboriginal
Indigenous peoples and the rapidly developing European mythology of
what
Indians were supposed to be.[xx] The rabble referred to as bands of Indians,
who played such a prominent role in the wars of the frontier, were not
Aboriginal Indigenous people. They were
bands of marauding escapees from colonial slave-labor economics and a
few
mixed-blood women, who understood European violence, and who were
willing to
use violence to keep the freedom they had tasted. These
European subject Indians, and the European subjects living
within the context of officially-sanctioned colonies, generated a
positive-feedback loop of Indian mythology.
The chroniclers who described Indians burning people at the
stake,
cutting noses and ears, and other tortures were writing about
abominations
which were common practices among the Spaniards at that time. Either they were writing pure fiction based
on the Europeans' self-justifying stereotypes and projections, or they
were
writing about these Lislakh and other immigrant Indians.
They were not accurately describing any
Nation of Aboriginal Indigenous people on either one of these
Continents.
The vicious competition between
factions of the European royal families and other contenders, for a
share in
the plunder of these Continents is hinted at by Niccolo Machiavelli,
who wrote The
Prince in 1513. Their history is
one of intrigue, plotting, wars and battles, fought not only in their
own land,
but on ours as well. The Indian allies
of the warring European states had been European subject peoples when
they, or
their fathers, had been shipped across the Atlantic.
Although many had run toward freedom, they did not understand
how
to escape the constraints of their heritage, their minds and their
languages,
and remained European subject peoples.
Throughout their history on these Continents, the Europeans have
used
their Indians as pawns in their wars with each other, as well as tools
of
genocide against Aboriginal Indigenous peoples.
The people of the Lislakh
hierarchies, including that of the United States, still sense, on some
subconscious level, their loss of freedom.
They know that there is something missing, and many of them try
to ease
their pain with alcohol and drugs. This
yearning for something they have never experienced and do not have the
words in
their languages to express, is where the mythology of "Indian and
Free" comes from. The
Euro-Americans are looking for their personal Sovereignty but they
don't know
what that is. A White professor,
Charles Brill, authored a photographic book about Red Lake, called Indian
and Free.[xxi] He should have been honest about the
Métis
and Euro-Indians who comprise most of his book. These
Indians are not free.
They are occupied peoples who are wards of the U.S. Government
under trusteeship.[xxii]
"Run away and join the
Indians" was a part of American cultural mythology long before Tom
Sawyer
plans, "le's all three slide out of here one of these nights and get an
outfit, and go for howling adventures amongst the Injuns, over in the
territory..."
and Huckleberry Finn muses "I reckon I got to light out for the
territory
ahead of the rest, because Aunt Sally she's going to ... sivilize me,
and I
can't stand it."[xxiii]
The Europeans purposefully lured
each others' labor force away from competing colonies with promises of
freedom,
then trapped the escapees into guerilla armies or even irregular
militia. James Oglethorpe, a British
prison reformer,
cosponsored the 1733 emigration from the English prison of Newgate to
Georgia. One of Oglethorpe's
expeditions against the Spanish settlement at St. Augustine, Florida,
included
"six hundred infantrymen, eight hundred Negro pioneers, one hundred
rangers, and two thousand Indians."[xxiv] The
Spanish resisted the British incursion
in part by a "policy at St. Augustine and in Central America and the
West
Indies ... to encourage British slaves to desert, to grant them
freedom,
supplies, and small plots of land when they reached Spanish territory."[xxv]
During the three centuries between
the first Spanish boat-people refugees, and George Washington's Indian
policy,
how many European subject peoples had run away from the violence,
slave-labor
conditions, and meager rations of European settlements and garrisons?
The extent to which European subject
peoples overcame their deeply embedded terror of what they saw as
howling
wilderness, and continued to run toward freedom is also hinted at by
the
enormous body of Indian captivity literature.
There have been thousands of "I was held prisoner by the
Indians" true-confession stories published. As
Euro-American encroachment on Aboriginal Indigenous lands
increased, the chances of a Black or White runaway being sighted and
apprehended became greater. Their
culturally patterned "I was captured, tortured, enslaved, etc. by wild
Indians" story not only allowed the runaway to be rescued as some kind
of
hero, rather than re-captured and punished by the Europeans who held
his or her
Sovereignty, but it also provided a medium for distributing propaganda
vilifying Aboriginal Indigenous people and an eyewitness to attest to
outrageous lies supporting the "Indian Savage" stereotype.
Indian captivity fiction also provided the
U.S. Cavalry with an excuse for pursuing the Euro-Americans' long-term
goal of
total annihilation of Aboriginal Indigenous people.
Some of the people identified as
Indians were the children of Aboriginal Indigenous women and European
men. The Catholic Priests did not make
successful
converts until a generation had passed: their Christian Indians were
mixed-bloods with an immigrant Lislakh patriline. Aboriginal
Indigenous people were not converted in significant
numbers until we were kidnapped as children from our parents and
communities
into the boarding schools, and I question the validity of such forced
conversions, as well as the ethics of any religion which would condone
them.
Genetic engineering: creating a
mixed-blood community which is dependent on the colonizers for their
identity
and status but who are kept in place by a stigmatized identity, is a
colonizing
strategy of Western Civilization refined by at least five thousand
years of
Lislakh colonial expansion (which a historian friend of mine refers to
as
"penile colonization"). As
the former Roman and Moorish colonies of the European peninsula
metastasized
throughout the rest of the world, they continued to use genetic
engineering.
Michele de Cuneo, a Ligurian
nobleman on Columbus' second voyage, wrote in 1495:[xxvi]
While I was in the boat I captured a very beautiful Carib
woman, whom the said Lord Admiral gave to me [!], and with whom, having
taken
her into my cabin, she being naked according to their custom, I
conceived
desire to take pleasure. I wanted to
put my desire into execution but she did not want it and treated me
with her
finger nails in such a manner that I wished I had never begun. But seeing that (to tell you the end of it
all), I took a rope and thrashed her well, for which she raised such
unheard of
screams you would not have believed your ears.
Finally we came to an agreement [sic] ...
This
was not the
very beginning of the Western Europeans' rape of these two Continents,
and it
has not ended yet. Rape, pillage, and
plunder are part of Western Civilization's paradox of war and peace. Historians write of the "ties of
affection" between Europeans and Aboriginal Indigenous women (with
their
mixed-blood children defined as illegitimate by miscegenation
laws, and thrust
into Métis communities in parasitic relationship with
Aboriginal Indigenous
people).[xxvii] However, much genetic engineering is
accomplished by force or more subtle coercion.[xxviii]
The Métis, Mulatto, Mestizo, and
Mestiço communities created by Lislakh genetic and social
engineering are an
inherent part of colonial occupation, all over the world.
Jim Hoagland explains with regard to the
Portuguese in Angola:[xxix]
The assumption is that the mestiços will identify
completely with the Portuguese interests and help promote them. ... Such theories have promoted
miscegenation ... into official policy, encouraged by the government
and
praised as patriotic. Officers have
encouraged their soldiers to do their duty to Portugal by leaving at
least six
mestiço children behind when they finish their tours in Angola.
... Visiting
dignitaries are introduced in Angola to "Africans" holding key
jobs. Many, if not most, are in fact
mestiços, and some are not even Angolan.
Jim
Hoagland also
notes[xxx]
that once the mixed-bloods, or "Coloreds" in British-occupied South
Africa, became established as a community, Whites tended "to mix
sexually
with Coloreds rather than Africans--thus 'breeding' the ... Coloreds
'whiter,'" and adds the observation that "one does encounter a number
of white supremacists with dark complexions in South Africa, but
it is a touchy
historical point with the Afrikaners and not the kind of subject a
visiting
correspondent, on a limited visa, digs into very deeply."
The French policy of creating and
using Métis people came from the same roots as that of the
English and other
Europeans. The people who are
categorized as French-and-Indian, Métis, and Chippewa Indian
have several
ethnic origins: Moorish mixed-blood and other dark-skinned
Mediterranean people
without any Aboriginal Indigenous ancestry,[xxxi]
White Europeans defined as Indians, and Métis people with some
Aboriginal
Indigenous ancestry, often in the distant branches on the matrilineal
side of
their family tree. Some of the people
identified as Chippewa Indians on the United States Government Indian
Rolls at
Red Lake are descendants of John Rolfe and Pocahontas, and more than
fifty of
those listed in 1983 as enrolled members of the "Red Lake Band of
Chippewa
Indians" are patrilineal descendants of White men who immigrated in the
Mayflower. Less than five percent of
the so-called Federally Recognized Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians
are
actually Ahnishinahbæótjibway,
rather than Indians.
The British and French colonial
policies of rape and plunder merged into United States policy. European and other immigrant men on the
frontier between the European settlements of colonial occupation and
the
surviving Aboriginal Indigenous people, continued to pursue Western
Civilization's implicit colonizing strategy of genetic engineering. In the 1880's, the B.I.A. and the Lake
Mohonk Conference explicitly commented on the alleged civilizing
influences of
"Squaw Men," at the same time tsk-tsking that these squaw men were
"morally depraved." In 1928,
the Brookings Institute[xxxii]
described the squaw men of that time:
Where they become surrounded by whites without having
achieved these higher standards, they are menaced themselves and also
become a
menace to the better things in the white civilization.
Sexual relationships between the low types
of the two races tend to develop. ...
Indian girls rarely become commercial prostitutes.
They may, however, be the victims of white men.
The more apparent relationship is a marriage
or other union lasting for some little time.
Often a white man or woman marries an Indian for the sake of
securing
possession or use of the Indian's property; or, an extremely low grade
white, a
misfit in the economic and social life of the white civilization, forms
a union
with a low grade Indian. These low
grade whites turn Indian in a way that is quite shocking, and they may
be found
existing in shacks that are below rather than above those of the purely
Indian
[sic] dwellings in the neighborhood.
Children of these unions have frequently the handicap of both
bad
heredity and bad environment. The white
father, too, is apparently fairly prone to desert the Indian woman,
leaving her
with the burden of caring for the children.
Ahnishinahbæótjibway
society is
matriarchal, but we are patrilineal and patrilocal.
We say, "the man brings his wife to live with his people,
the woman goes to live with her husband's people."
The women who married White men were,
according to our tradition, supposed to go with their husband, to live
with his
people wherever he was from, and many of the Ahnishinahbæótjibway
women who married White men during the intensive assimilation efforts
of the
1950's did make their homes with their husbands in White communities
off the
Reservation. But, Métis women
continue
to claim that their children with White men are Indians, and there are
a number
of squaw men still at Red Lake, running around claiming to be blood
quantum
Indians.[xxxiii]
This United States policy appears
contradictory and ambiguous until one realizes that the United States
has been
using the word, Indians, to refer to the European, mulatto and
Métis people, and
also trying to apply the word Indian to the Aboriginal Indigenous
peoples of
this Continent. This intentional misuse
of the word Indian is so critical to the United States' ultimate goal
of a
"Final Solution" (completely annihilating Aboriginal Indigenous
people and then saying we never existed) that it is specifically
spelled out in
present-day United States Statute Law, including the United States
Code, Title
25, Section 479:[xxxiv]
For the purposes of this Act, Eskimos and other
aboriginal peoples ... shall be considered Indians.
This
section goes
on to elaborate the United States' unilateral descriptions of the
Indian Tribes
they invented.
[i].Mr.
Pinkney, as recorded in James Madison's Notes on the
Debates, Constitutional Convention, Monday, June 15, 1787, in
Convention. As reproduced in Winton
Solberg, Editor, The
Federal Convention and the Formation of the American States,
Bobbs-Merrill,
1958, page 168.
[ii].James
Madison, June 26, 1787, Op. cit., page xiv.
[iii].James
D. Richardson, A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the
Presidents,
Volume I.
[iv].The
United States has used expropriation of Aboriginal Indigenous peoples'
resources to "balance the budget" until we have almost nothing left
to steal. Abraham Lincoln, who launched
his political career by warring with Métis people, was pressured
to negotiate
the 1863 "Red Lake and Pembina Treaty" with Métis people because
of
mounting Union war debts, and continued Washington's policy of paying
off
soldiers with Land Grants.
[v].Journals
of the Continental Congress,
25:681-83, 693,
as quoted in Francis Prucha, Documents of United States Indian
Policy,
1975.
[vi].Described
in "The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of
America," Congress, July 4, 1776, i.e. "Declaration of
Independence."
[vii].Albert
Speer, Inside the Third Reich, page 304. Speer
writes, "Hitler often cited the fate of the Indians [sic]
in the United States as a quite practicable solution when taking over a
territory. 'We need not feel any pangs of conscience,' [Hitler]
said ..."
[viii]."Mongols
need their own culture, their own history--recorded in their own hands. Or else they'll face the fate of American
Indians [sic]..." Huhehada, leader of the Inner Mongolia
underground movement, as quoted by New York Times writer Nicholas D.
Kristof
[Minneapolis Star Tribune, page 17A, July 26, 1992].
[ix].Kirkpatrick
Sale, The Conquest of Paradise, Christopher Columbus and the
Columbian
Legacy, 1990, page 161.
[x].Webster's
New World Dictionary,
1988, page 373,
defines desert as "1. an uncultivated region without
inhabitants; wilderness 2. a
dry, barren sandy region, naturally incapable of supporting almost any
plant or
animal life ..." Some of the arid
regions of the southwestern part of this Continent have sandy soils,
but
otherwise the word desert is an inaccurate description.
[xi].Including
the Piñon trees uprooted by the U.S. Department of the
Interior,
purportedly to facilitate cattle grazing.
[xii].Illustrated
Flora of the Northern United States and Canada,
Nathaniel L. Britton and Addison Brown, Dover
Publications reprint.
[xiii].Personal
communication, Dr. John Martin, with specific documentation regarding
canyon
lands in Utah. Dr. Martin mentioned
that the decimation of the beaver destroyed the flood controls which
were a
part of the Aboriginal Indigenous ecosystem; after the root structure
of the
grasslands was damaged by grazing, in some areas the fertile
bottomlands
"where Utes [sic] harvested the perennial grain crop by knocking
it
directly into their baskets from the standing grasses" were eroded down
to
canyon bedrock.
[xiv].C.f.:
a description of Viking settlements around the turn of
the millennium, as quoted by Maynard Swan in The Ojibwe News,
April 18,
1990, page 5; and a discussion of Vikings in Alexandria, Minnesota in
1362, in
Roger Pinkley, "The Riddle of the Runes," Minnesota Calls,
January/February, 1994, page 10.
[xv].The
"Principal Voyages of Discovery," [sic] who we call invaders
and illegal aliens, listed by Hammond's World Atlas, 1960
include:
SPANISH: Vespucci, 1497-8; Columbus, 1498; Ojeda, 1499; Pinzon,
1499-1500;
Columbus, 1502-4; Magellan, 1519-21; Orellana, 1940-41; and Cabrillo
and
Ferrelo, 1542-43; PORTUGUESE: Pedro Alvarez Cabral, 1500; Gaspar Corte
Real,
1501; ENGLISH: John Cabot, 1497; John Cabot, 1498; Sir Francis Drake,
1577-80;
FRENCH: Verrazano, 1524; Cartier, 1534 and 1535. These
expeditions circumnavigated both Continents from
Newfoundland to Northern California, and wreaked havoc wherever they
touched
shore. The first documented Spanish
settlement was established in the "Caribbean" in 1493; within the
next fifty years mainland Spanish colonial settlements included
Culacán (1533),
Navidad, Acapulco (1527), México (1519), Veracruz (1519),
Guatemala (1519),
Trumillo (1525), Puerto Bello (1513), Panama (1519), Cartagena (1533),
Coro
(1527), Santa Fé de Bogotá (1538), Popayán (1536),
Quito (1534), Puerto Viejo
(1535), Guyaquil (1535), San Miguel (1532), Ciudad de los Reyes [Lima]
(1535),
Cuzco (1535), La Paz (1548), Sucre (1540), Potosí (1546),
Asunción (1537), La
Serena (1544), and Santa María de Buen Aire (1536).
There were innumerable other migratory
Europeans who illegally immigrated onto our Continents, for whom
documentation
has not survived. There were huge
fleets of fishing boats at the Grand Banks off of Newfoundland. The fishermen went ashore to dry the fish
they took; some stayed as permanent residents and most were not
celibate while
ashore. Slave boats carried Africans,
Moorish and other mixed-bloods, and convicts.
Columbus' tall tales of gold lured fortune-seekers from all of
Europe,
and unimaginable Spanish plunder attracted large numbers of pirates,
most of
whose land bases are undocumented.
[xvi].Lethal
epidemic diseases which kill the majority of their host population
require
unbalanced conditions, like those created by war, to perpetuate
themselves over
the generations.
[xvii].The
author acknowledges telephone discussion of these issues with
epidemiologist
Larry Brilliant, who Howard Reingold recommended as "the world's
leading
smallpox expert." Dr. Brilliant
helped clarify understanding of the co-evolution of diseases. Also acknowledged is Dr. Paul Greenough of
the University of Iowa, for his understanding of the history of
epidemics.
[xviii].Ibid. Dr. Brilliant
mentioned a place called "Smallpox Acres" in the Atlantic
northeast. "Smallpox
blankets" are general knowledge in Ahnishinahbæótjibway
oral history. In this context, Dr.
Brilliant commented that four hours exposure to sunlight will kill the
smallpox
organism. This is probably why the
recipients of blankets from the Prairie du Chien treaty, for example,
were told
"don't open these packages until you get home." The
Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History,
edited by Helen Hornbeck Tanner, with cartography by Miklos Pinther
(1987,
University of Oklahoma Press) maps a few of the later epidemics of
smallpox and
other European diseases which were documented by the Euro-Americans. Tanner's book relies heavily on the sources
used by the Indian Claims Commission, and is a useful resource so long
as one
understands that the carefully documented interpretation is from an
United
States Government and Indian perspective, rather than an Aboriginal
Indigenous
one.
[xix].Kirkpatrick
Sale, The Conquest of Paradise, pages 259-261, Op. cit.
[xx].There
have been few writers of African mixed-blood history, and much of these
peoples' history remains to be written. One
writer of what she calls her ancestors' Maroon history, in an
anonymous manuscript, "Forbidden History," notes that "by 1650
Mexico alone had an African-Indian [sic] population (some with
white
ancestry) of one hundred thousand."
She adds, "theirs is a story worth remembering and worth
teaching
our children."
[xxi].University
of Minnesota Press, first edition 1974.
Dr. Brill returned to Red Lake in the summer of 1990.
[xxii].We
discussed these issues with Dr. Brill.
His response was, "you have to have a Ph.D. to do this kind of
research," and besides which "your computer's obsolete."
He did not deign to look at the genealogical
data which we were discussing with him.
[xxiii].Samuel
L. Clemens, a.k.a. "Mark Twain," The Adventures of Huckleberry
Finn, 1884, pages 343-344.
[xxiv].J.
Leitch Wright, Jr., Anglo-Spanish Rivalry in North America,
1971.
[xxv].Ibid.
[xxvi].Kirkpatrick
Sale, The Conquest of Paradise, page 140, Op. cit.
[xxvii].For
example, Sylvia Van Kirk, Many Tender Ties, Women in Fur Trade
Society,
1670-1870, University of Oklahoma Press, 1983, which uses
meticulous
archival documentation to deal sympathetically with the Métis
marriage ties to
the fur traders.
[xxviii].This
ranges from the propaganda promulgated by medieval raconteurs of
peasant girls
who willingly yielded to the advances of princes and "lived happily
ever
after," and the duress of the Western European hierarchical economic
system, to the spoils of war and peace.
(Most G.I.s who were part of a wartime or occupation force know
what
some members of these forces did.)
[xxix].Jim
Hoagland, South Africa, Civilizations in Conflict, Houghton
Mifflin/Washington
Post, 1972, pages 274-5.
[xxx].Ibid,
page 104.
[xxxi].Hundreds
of dark Mediterranean people were listed on the 1860 U.S. Census of
Minnesota
as "mulattos," although this Census category also included some
Minnesotans with sub-Saharan African ancestry.
Ten years later, many of the same individuals were listed on the
U.S.
Census under the category of "Indian."
[xxxii].Brookings
Institute for Government Research, The Problem of Indian
Administration,
Report of a Survey made at the request of Honorable Hubert Work,
Secretary of
the Interior, and submitted to him, February 21, 1928, page 110.
[xxxiii].For
example, as a part of the Indian Reorganization Act, some of these
purely
European "Squaw Men" became enrolled as Federally Recognized Indians,
as documented by the Red Lake genealogies, Op. cit.
[xxxiv].Codified
from the Act of June 18, 1934.
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