Search for salicaceae found more than 500 matches, but only the first 500 will be displayed. Clever querying can usually retrieve all responses in several tries. See the "about" page for hints.


Populus ×acuminata Rydb. (pro sp.) [angustifolia × deltoides]
Lanceleaf Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Lakota Food (Fodder)
Boughs and bark fed to horses during winter.
Kraft, Shelly Katheren 1990 Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation. University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis (p. 33)


Populus ×acuminata Rydb. (pro sp.) [angustifolia × deltoides]
Lanceleaf Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Lakota Fiber (Building Material)
Used for posts and other building materials.
Kraft, Shelly Katheren 1990 Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation. University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis (p. 33)


Populus ×acuminata Rydb. (pro sp.) [angustifolia × deltoides]
Lanceleaf Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Navajo, Ramah Fiber (Building Material)
Used for hogan construction.
Vestal, Paul A. 1952 The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94 (p. 22)


Populus ×acuminata Rydb. (pro sp.) [angustifolia × deltoides]
Lanceleaf Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Lakota Other (Fuel)
Used for fuel.
Kraft, Shelly Katheren 1990 Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation. University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis (p. 33)


Populus ×acuminata Rydb. (pro sp.) [angustifolia × deltoides]
Lanceleaf Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Navajo, Ramah Other (Ceremonial Items)
Root used to make snake figurines.
Vestal, Paul A. 1952 The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94 (p. 22)


Populus ×acuminata Rydb. (pro sp.) [angustifolia × deltoides]
Lanceleaf Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Navajo, Ramah Other (Tools)
Used to make fire drills.
Vestal, Paul A. 1952 The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94 (p. 22)


Populus ×jackii Sarg. [balsamifera × deltoides]
Jack's Poplar; Salicaceae
Iroquois Drug (Oral Aid)
Compound infusion used as a wash for mouth ulcers.
Herrick, James William 1977 Iroquois Medical Botany. State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis (p. 292)


Populus ×jackii Sarg. [balsamifera × deltoides]
Jack's Poplar; Salicaceae
Malecite Drug (Unspecified)
Used to make medicines.
Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter 1952 Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7 (p. 6)


Populus ×jackii Sarg. [balsamifera × deltoides]
Jack's Poplar; Salicaceae
Malecite Other (Hunting & Fishing Item)
Used for trap scents.
Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter 1952 Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7 (p. 6)


Populus alba L.
White Poplar; Salicaceae
Iroquois Drug (Cold Remedy)
Infusion of inner bark taken to "cleans you out after a cold."
Herrick, James William 1977 Iroquois Medical Botany. State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis (p. 293)


Populus alba L.
White Poplar; Salicaceae
Iroquois Drug (Love Medicine)
Compound decoction of branches used as a body wash for anti-love medicine.
Herrick, James William 1977 Iroquois Medical Botany. State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis (p. 293)


Populus alba L.
White Poplar; Salicaceae
Iroquois Drug (Tonic)
Infusion of inner bark taken as a tonic.
Herrick, James William 1977 Iroquois Medical Botany. State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis (p. 293)


Acer alba L.
White Maple; Salicaceae
Micmac Drug (Cough Medicine)
Bark used as a cough remedy.
Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper 1979 Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68 (p. 53)


Populus alba L.
White Poplar; Salicaceae
Ojibwa Drug (Antirheumatic (External))
Infusion of pounded plants used as wash for rheumatism.
Reagan, Albert B. 1928 Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota. Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248 (p. 231)


Populus alba L.
White Poplar; Salicaceae
Ojibwa Drug (Blood Medicine)
Infusion of bark and root or decoction of bark taken for internal blood diseases.
Reagan, Albert B. 1928 Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota. Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248 (p. 231)


Populus alba L.
White Poplar; Salicaceae
Ojibwa Drug (Panacea)
Infusion of pounded plants used as wash for general illnesses.
Reagan, Albert B. 1928 Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota. Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248 (p. 231)


Populus alba L.
White Poplar; Salicaceae
Ojibwa Drug (Unspecified)
Roots and bark used for medicinal purposes.
Reagan, Albert B. 1928 Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota. Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248 (p. 243)


Populus alba L.
White Poplar; Salicaceae
Ojibwa Other (Paper)
Wood used for pulpwood.
Reagan, Albert B. 1928 Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota. Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248 (p. 243)


Populus angustifolia James
Narrowleaf Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Apache, White Mountain Food (Candy)
Buds used as chewing gum.
Reagan, Albert B. 1929 Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona. Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61. (p. 159)


Populus angustifolia James
Narrowleaf Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Apache, White Mountain Food (Unspecified)
Buds used for food.
Reagan, Albert B. 1929 Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona. Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61. (p. 159)


Populus angustifolia James
Narrowleaf Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Montana Indian Food (Fodder)
Young twigs fed to horses when other food was not obtainable.
Blankinship, J. W. 1905 Native Economic Plants of Montana. Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56 (p. 19)


Populus angustifolia James
Narrowleaf Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Montana Indian Food (Unspecified)
Inner bark considered a valuable mucilaginous food.
Blankinship, J. W. 1905 Native Economic Plants of Montana. Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56 (p. 19)


Populus angustifolia James
Narrowleaf Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Navajo Food (Candy)
Buds used as chewing gum.
Reagan, Albert B. 1929 Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona. Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61. (p. 159)


Populus angustifolia James
Narrowleaf Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Navajo Food (Unspecified)
Buds used for food.
Reagan, Albert B. 1929 Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona. Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61. (p. 159)


Populus angustifolia James
Narrowleaf Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Zuni Food (Candy)
Buds used as chewing gum.
Reagan, Albert B. 1929 Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona. Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61. (p. 159)


Populus angustifolia James
Narrowleaf Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Zuni Food (Unspecified)
Buds used for food.
Reagan, Albert B. 1929 Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona. Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61. (p. 159)


Populus angustifolia James
Narrowleaf Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Gosiute Fiber (Basketry)
Shoots used to make baskets.
Chamberlin, Ralph V. 1911 The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah. Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405. (p. 378)


Populus angustifolia James
Narrowleaf Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Montana Indian Fiber (Building Material)
Wood used for fire and shelter during the winter.
Blankinship, J. W. 1905 Native Economic Plants of Montana. Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56 (p. 19)


Populus angustifolia James
Narrowleaf Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Navajo Fiber (Furniture)
Soft wood used for parts of the cradle.
Elmore, Francis H. 1944 Ethnobotany of the Navajo. Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research (p. 37)


Populus angustifolia James
Narrowleaf Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Montana Indian Other (Fuel)
Wood used for fire and shelter during the winter.
Blankinship, J. W. 1905 Native Economic Plants of Montana. Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56 (p. 19)


Populus angustifolia James
Narrowleaf Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Montana Indian Other (Smoke Plant)
Inner bark used for "kinnikinnick."
Blankinship, J. W. 1905 Native Economic Plants of Montana. Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56 (p. 19)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Algonquin, Quebec Drug (Dermatological Aid)
Spring buds used to make a salve.
Black, Meredith Jean 1980 Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec. Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65 (p. 148)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Algonquin, Quebec Drug (Dermatological Aid)
Poultice of steeped, root scrapings applied to open sores.
Black, Meredith Jean 1980 Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec. Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65 (p. 148)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Algonquin, Quebec Drug (Dermatological Aid)
Buds used to make a salve and applied to open sores.
Black, Meredith Jean 1980 Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec. Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65 (p. 148)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Algonquin, Quebec Drug (Disinfectant)
Poultice of steeped, root scrapings applied to infected wounds.
Black, Meredith Jean 1980 Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec. Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65 (p. 148)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Algonquin, Quebec Drug (Disinfectant)
Buds used to make a salve and applied to infected wounds.
Black, Meredith Jean 1980 Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec. Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65 (p. 148)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Bella Coola Drug (Analgesic)
Branches with leaves used in a sweat bath for pains similar to rheumatism.
Smith, Harlan I. 1929 Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia. National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68 (p. 54)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Bella Coola Drug (Analgesic)
Decoction of rotten leaves used as a bath for body pain.
Smith, Harlan I. 1929 Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia. National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68 (p. 54)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Bella Coola Drug (Analgesic)
Poultice of compound containing buds applied for lung or hip pains.
Smith, Harlan I. 1929 Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia. National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68 (p. 54)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Bella Coola Drug (Antirheumatic (External))
Leaves used in sweatbath for pains similar to rheumatism.
Smith, Harlan I. 1929 Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia. National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68 (p. 54)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Bella Coola Drug (Diaphoretic)
Branches with leaves used in a sweat bath for pains similar to rheumatism.
Smith, Harlan I. 1929 Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia. National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68 (p. 54)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Bella Coola Drug (Orthopedic Aid)
Poultice of compound containing buds applied to lung or hip pain.
Smith, Harlan I. 1929 Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia. National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68 (p. 54)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Bella Coola Drug (Pulmonary Aid)
Poultice of compound containing buds applied for lung pains.
Smith, Harlan I. 1929 Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia. National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68 (p. 54)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Carrier, Northern Drug (Dermatological Aid)
Poultice of chewed, green roots applied to bleeding wounds.
Smith, Harlan I. 1929 Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia. National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68 (p. 54)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Carrier, Northern Drug (Eye Medicine)
Decoction of inner bark used as an eyewash.
Smith, Harlan I. 1929 Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia. National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68 (p. 54)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Carrier, Southern Drug (Cough Medicine)
Decoction of buds taken for "coughs and lung affections."
Smith, Harlan I. 1929 Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia. National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68 (p. 54)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Carrier, Southern Other (Insecticide)
Resin from buds used to repel mosquitoes, black flies and gadflies.
Smith, Harlan I. 1929 Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia. National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68 (p. 54)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Carrier, Southern Drug (Pulmonary Aid)
Decoction of buds taken for "coughs and lung affections."
Smith, Harlan I. 1929 Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia. National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68 (p. 54)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Chippewa Drug (Analgesic)
Compound decoction of root taken for back pain.
Densmore, Frances 1928 Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379 (p. 356)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Chippewa Drug (Dermatological Aid)
Decoction of buds used as salve for frost bite, sores and inflamed wounds.
Gilmore, Melvin R. 1933 Some Chippewa Uses of Plants. Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press (p. 126)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Chippewa Drug (Gynecological Aid)
Compound decoction of root taken for "female weakness."
Densmore, Frances 1928 Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379 (p. 356)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Chippewa Drug (Gynecological Aid)
Compound infusion of root taken for excessive flowing during confinement.
Densmore, Frances 1928 Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379 (p. 358)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Chippewa Drug (Heart Medicine)
Compound decoction of root, bud and blossom prepared ceremonially and used for the heart.
Densmore, Frances 1928 Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379 (p. 338)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Chippewa Drug (Orthopedic Aid)
Poultice of infusion or decoction of used buds for sprains or strained muscles.
Densmore, Frances 1928 Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379 (p. 362)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Cree, Woodlands Drug (Disinfectant)
Poultice of fresh leaves applied to a sore to draw out the infection.
Leighton, Anna L. 1985 Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan. Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series (p. 52)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Cree, Woodlands Drug (Hemostat)
Poultice of sticky buds applied directly to the nostril for a nosebleed.
Leighton, Anna L. 1985 Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan. Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series (p. 52)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Malecite Drug (Dermatological Aid)
Bud balm and burdock roots used for sores.
Mechling, W.H. 1959 The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs. Anthropologica 8:239-263 (p. 247)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Micmac Drug (Dermatological Aid)
Buds and other parts of plant used as salve for sores.
Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper 1979 Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68 (p. 59)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Micmac Drug (Venereal Aid)
Buds and other parts of plant used as salve for chancre.
Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper 1979 Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68 (p. 59)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Ojibwa Drug (Antirheumatic (External))
Infusion of pounded plants used as wash for rheumatism.
Reagan, Albert B. 1928 Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota. Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248 (p. 231)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Ojibwa Drug (Blood Medicine)
Decoction of bark taken for internal blood diseases.
Reagan, Albert B. 1928 Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota. Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248 (p. 231)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Ojibwa Drug (Cold Remedy)
Buds cooked in grease and rubbed in nostrils for cold.
Smith, Huron H. 1932 Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians. Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525 (p. 387)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Ojibwa Drug (Dermatological Aid)
Buds cooked in grease and used as salve for cuts, wounds or bruises.
Smith, Huron H. 1932 Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians. Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525 (p. 387)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Ojibwa Drug (Panacea)
Infusion of pounded plants used as wash for general illnesses.
Reagan, Albert B. 1928 Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota. Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248 (p. 231)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Ojibwa Drug (Respiratory Aid)
Buds cooked in grease and rubbed in nostrils for catarrh or bronchitis.
Smith, Huron H. 1932 Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians. Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525 (p. 387)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Paiute Drug (Gastrointestinal Aid)
Decoction of sap taken for stomach disorders.
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer 1941 Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada. Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture (p. 121,122)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Potawatomi Drug (Dermatological Aid)
Buds melted with tallow and used as ointment for sores or eczema.
Smith, Huron H. 1933 Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians. Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230 (p. 80, 81)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Shoshoni Drug (Analgesic)
Decoction of root used as a lotion for headaches.
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer 1941 Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada. Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture (p. 121,122)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Shoshoni Drug (Blood Medicine)
Compound decoction of bark taken as a blood tonic.
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer 1941 Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada. Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture (p. 121,122)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Shoshoni Drug (Tonic)
Compound decoction of bark taken as a blood tonic and for general debility.
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer 1941 Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada. Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture (p. 121,122)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Shoshoni Drug (Tuberculosis Remedy)
Simple or compound decoction of bark taken for tuberculosis.
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer 1941 Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada. Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture (p. 121,122)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Shoshoni Drug (Venereal Aid)
Simple or compound decoction of bark taken for venereal disease.
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer 1941 Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada. Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture (p. 121,122)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Tanana, Upper Drug (Cold Remedy)
Decoction of buds taken for colds.
Kari, Priscilla Russe 1985 Upper Tanana Ethnobotany. Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission (p. 4)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Tanana, Upper Drug (Cold Remedy)
Buds heated on top of a wood stove and the aroma inhaled for colds.
Kari, Priscilla Russe 1985 Upper Tanana Ethnobotany. Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission (p. 4)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Tanana, Upper Drug (Cold Remedy)
Decoction of mashed buds used for colds.
Kari, Priscilla Russe 1985 Upper Tanana Ethnobotany. Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission (p. 4)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Tanana, Upper Drug (Cough Medicine)
Decoction of buds taken for coughs.
Kari, Priscilla Russe 1985 Upper Tanana Ethnobotany. Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission (p. 4)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Tanana, Upper Drug (Dermatological Aid)
Mashed buds cooked in grease or dried, powdered buds used as a salve for rashes and sores.
Kari, Priscilla Russe 1985 Upper Tanana Ethnobotany. Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission (p. 4)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Tanana, Upper Drug (Panacea)
Decoction of buds taken for colds, coughs and other illnesses.
Kari, Priscilla Russe 1985 Upper Tanana Ethnobotany. Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission (p. 4)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Montana Indian Food (Fodder)
Young twigs fed to horses when other food was not obtainable.
Blankinship, J. W. 1905 Native Economic Plants of Montana. Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56 (p. 19)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Montana Indian Food (Unspecified)
Inner bark considered a valuable mucilaginous food.
Blankinship, J. W. 1905 Native Economic Plants of Montana. Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56 (p. 19)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Tanana, Upper Food (Unspecified)
Sap used for food.
Kari, Priscilla Russe 1985 Upper Tanana Ethnobotany. Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission (p. 4)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Klamath Fiber (Clothing)
Bark used in the manufacture of cloth.
Coville, Frederick V. 1897 Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon.. Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110 (p. 94)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Montana Indian Fiber (Building Material)
Wood used for fire and shelter during the winter.
Blankinship, J. W. 1905 Native Economic Plants of Montana. Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56 (p. 19)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Cree, Woodlands Other (Hunting & Fishing Item)
Buds mixed with other ingredients to make a trap lure.
Leighton, Anna L. 1985 Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan. Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series (p. 52)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other (Hunting & Fishing Item)
Bark used for fishing floats.
Wilson, Michael R. 1978 Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut. The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196 (p. 188)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other (Insecticide)
Bark burned for a mosquito repelling smoke.
Wilson, Michael R. 1978 Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut. The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196 (p. 188)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other (Smoke Plant)
Leaf galls used with or as tobacco.
Wilson, Michael R. 1978 Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut. The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196 (p. 188)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Montana Indian Other (Fuel)
Wood used for fire and shelter during the winter.
Blankinship, J. W. 1905 Native Economic Plants of Montana. Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56 (p. 19)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Montana Indian Other (Smoke Plant)
Inner bark used for "kinnikinnick."
Blankinship, J. W. 1905 Native Economic Plants of Montana. Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56 (p. 19)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Ojibwa Other (Paper)
Wood used for pulpwood.
Reagan, Albert B. 1928 Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota. Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248 (p. 243)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Tanana, Upper Other (Cooking Tools)
Soft wood used to make bowls and other items.
Kari, Priscilla Russe 1985 Upper Tanana Ethnobotany. Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission (p. 4)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Tanana, Upper Other (Fuel)
Wood used for fuel.
Kari, Priscilla Russe 1985 Upper Tanana Ethnobotany. Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission (p. 4)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Tanana, Upper Other (Preservative)
Wood used to smoke fish.
Kari, Priscilla Russe 1985 Upper Tanana Ethnobotany. Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission (p. 4)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Tanana, Upper Other (Smoke Plant)
Wood ashes mixed with tobacco and smoked.
Kari, Priscilla Russe 1985 Upper Tanana Ethnobotany. Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission (p. 4)


Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Tanana, Upper Other (Toys & Games)
Bark used to make toys.
Kari, Priscilla Russe 1985 Upper Tanana Ethnobotany. Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission (p. 4)


Populus balsamifera ssp. balsamifera
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Anticosti Drug (Dermatological Aid)
Poultice of buds and alcohol applied to wounds.
Rousseau, Jacques 1946 Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti. Archives de Folklore 1:60-71 (p. 65)


Populus balsamifera ssp. balsamifera
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Cherokee Drug (Antirheumatic (Internal))
Tincture of buds used for chronic rheumatism.
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey 1975 Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History. Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co. (p. 24)


Populus balsamifera ssp. balsamifera
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Cherokee Drug (Dermatological Aid)
Juice of buds used on sores.
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey 1975 Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History. Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co. (p. 24)


Populus balsamifera ssp. balsamifera
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Cherokee Drug (Gastrointestinal Aid)
Tincture of buds used for colic and bowels.
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey 1975 Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History. Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co. (p. 24)


Populus balsamifera ssp. balsamifera
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Cherokee Drug (Stimulant)
Given to "persons of phlegmatic habits."
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey 1975 Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History. Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co. (p. 24)


Populus balsamifera ssp. balsamifera
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Cherokee Drug (Toothache Remedy)
Taken by "persons of phlegmatic habits" and used for aching teeth.
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey 1975 Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History. Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co. (p. 24)


Populus balsamifera ssp. balsamifera
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Cherokee Drug (Venereal Aid)
Tincture of buds used for old venereal complaints.
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey 1975 Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History. Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co. (p. 24)


Populus balsamifera ssp. balsamifera
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Iroquois Drug (Anthelmintic)
Compound decoction with bark taken to kill worms in adults.
Herrick, James William 1977 Iroquois Medical Botany. State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis (p. 291)


Populus balsamifera ssp. balsamifera
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Iroquois Drug (Antirheumatic (Internal))
Used for arthritis.
Herrick, James William 1977 Iroquois Medical Botany. State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis (p. 292)


Populus balsamifera ssp. balsamifera
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Iroquois Drug (Blood Medicine)
Compound with whisky taken as blood remedy and for tape worms.
Herrick, James William 1977 Iroquois Medical Botany. State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis (p. 292)


Populus balsamifera ssp. balsamifera
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Iroquois Drug (Dermatological Aid)
Compound decoction used for skin eruptions and scabs.
Herrick, James William 1977 Iroquois Medical Botany. State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis (p. 291)


Populus balsamifera ssp. balsamifera
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Iroquois Drug (Laxative)
Compound decoction of bark taken as a laxative.
Herrick, James William 1977 Iroquois Medical Botany. State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis (p. 291)


Populus balsamifera ssp. balsamifera
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Iroquois Drug (Veterinary Aid)
Decoction of bark taken by people and given to horses for worms.
Herrick, James William 1977 Iroquois Medical Botany. State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis (p. 291)


Populus balsamifera ssp. balsamifera
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Menominee Drug (Cold Remedy)
Decoction of resinous buds in fat used in the nostrils for a headcold.
Smith, Huron H. 1923 Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians. Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174 (p. 52)


Populus balsamifera ssp. balsamifera
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Menominee Drug (Dermatological Aid)
Decoction of resinous buds in fat used as a salve for wounds.
Smith, Huron H. 1923 Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians. Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174 (p. 52)


Populus balsamifera ssp. balsamifera
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Ojibwa Other (Paper)
Wood used for pulpwood.
Reagan, Albert B. 1928 Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota. Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248 (p. 243)


Populus balsamifera ssp. balsamifera
Balsam Poplar; Salicaceae
Thompson Other (Stable Gear)
Wood used to make the sides of riding and pack saddles.
Steedman, E.V. 1928 The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia. SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522 (p. 497)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Bella Coola Drug (Dermatological Aid)
Buds mixed with chewed and warmed mountain goat kidney fat and used as a face cream.
Turner, Nancy J. 1973 The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia. Syesis 6:193-220 (p. 210)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Bella Coola Drug (Dermatological Aid)
Infusion of buds mixed with eulachon grease or sockeye salmon oil and rubbed on scalp for baldness.
Turner, Nancy J. 1973 The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia. Syesis 6:193-220 (p. 210)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Bella Coola Drug (Orthopedic Aid)
Poultice of buds applied for hip pains.
Turner, Nancy J. 1973 The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia. Syesis 6:193-220 (p. 210)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Bella Coola Drug (Pulmonary Aid)
Infusion of buds and animal fat taken for whooping cough.
Turner, Nancy J. 1973 The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia. Syesis 6:193-220 (p. 210)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Bella Coola Drug (Pulmonary Aid)
Poultice of buds applied for lung and hip pains.
Turner, Nancy J. 1973 The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia. Syesis 6:193-220 (p. 210)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Bella Coola Drug (Throat Aid)
Infusion of buds in dogfish oil taken for sore throat.
Turner, Nancy J. 1973 The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia. Syesis 6:193-220 (p. 210)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Bella Coola Drug (Tuberculosis Remedy)
Buds mixed with balsam sap and used for tuberculosis.
Turner, Nancy J. 1973 The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia. Syesis 6:193-220 (p. 210)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Flathead Drug (Cold Remedy)
Bark eaten for colds.
Hart, Jeff 1992 Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples. Helena. Montana Historical Society Press (p. 68)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Flathead Drug (Dermatological Aid)
Poultice of leaves used for bruises, sores and boils.
Hart, Jeff 1992 Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples. Helena. Montana Historical Society Press (p. 68)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Flathead Drug (Venereal Aid)
Infusion of young branches, buds and other plants taken for syphilis.
Hart, Jeff 1992 Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples. Helena. Montana Historical Society Press (p. 68)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Haisla and Hanaksiala Drug (Burn Dressing)
Buds cooked with mountain goat fat and rubbed on the face for sunburn.
Compton, Brian Douglas 1993 Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants.... Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia (p. 284)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Haisla and Hanaksiala Drug (Dermatological Aid)
Buds used to make a hair dressing.
Compton, Brian Douglas 1993 Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants.... Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia (p. 284)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Haisla and Hanaksiala Drug (Dermatological Aid)
Buds cooked with mountain goat fat and rubbed on the body to soften the skin.
Compton, Brian Douglas 1993 Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants.... Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia (p. 284)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Hesquiat Drug (Dermatological Aid)
Decoction of buds mixed with deer fat and used to make a fragrant salve.
Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat 1982 Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island. Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum (p. 75)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Hoh Drug (Unspecified)
Infusion of bark used for medicine.
Reagan, Albert B. 1936 Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians. Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70 (p. 60)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Karok Drug (Love Medicine)
Leaves used as a love medicine.
Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford 1952 Karok Ethnobotany. Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392 (p. 381)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Klallam Drug (Eye Medicine)
Infusion of buds used as an eyewash.
Gunther, Erna 1973 Ethnobotany of Western Washington. Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition (p. 26)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Kutenai Drug (Dermatological Aid)
Poultice of leaves used for bruises, sores and boils.
Hart, Jeff 1992 Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples. Helena. Montana Historical Society Press (p. 68)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Kutenai Drug (Respiratory Aid)
Infusion of bark taken for tuberculosis.
Hart, Jeff 1992 Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples. Helena. Montana Historical Society Press (p. 68)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Kutenai Drug (Respiratory Aid)
Infusion of bark taken for whooping cough.
Hart, Jeff 1992 Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples. Helena. Montana Historical Society Press (p. 68)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Kwakiutl Drug (Dermatological Aid)
Buds and oil used as a hair tonic.
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell 1973 The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia. Economic Botany 27:257-310 (p. 292)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Kwakiutl Drug (Dermatological Aid)
Buds rubbed on the skin to prevent sunburn.
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell 1973 The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia. Economic Botany 27:257-310 (p. 292)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Nez Perce Drug (Antirheumatic (External))
Leaves used for aching muscles.
Hart, Jeff 1992 Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples. Helena. Montana Historical Society Press (p. 68)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Nez Perce Drug (Veterinary Aid)
Poultice of leaves used for horses' sores.
Hart, Jeff 1992 Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples. Helena. Montana Historical Society Press (p. 68)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Nitinaht Drug (Dermatological Aid)
Resin used as a salve for wounds and cuts.
Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie 1983 Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island. Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum (p. 126)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Okanagan-Colville Drug (Venereal Aid)
Infusion of buds taken for gonorrhea.
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy 1980 Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington. Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum (p. 134)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Oweekeno Drug (Dermatological Aid)
Buds boiled with grease, strained, combined with an unknown ingredient and used as hair dressing.
Compton, Brian Douglas 1993 Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants.... Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia (p. 116)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Quileute Drug (Unspecified)
Infusion of bark used for medicine.
Reagan, Albert B. 1936 Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians. Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70 (p. 60)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Quinault Drug (Dermatological Aid)
Gum of burls applied as an antiseptic to cuts and wounds.
Gunther, Erna 1973 Ethnobotany of Western Washington. Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition (p. 26)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Quinault Drug (Disinfectant)
Gum of burls applied as an antiseptic to cuts and wounds.
Gunther, Erna 1973 Ethnobotany of Western Washington. Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition (p. 26)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Quinault Drug (Tuberculosis Remedy)
Infusion of bark taken for tuberculosis.
Gunther, Erna 1973 Ethnobotany of Western Washington. Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition (p. 26)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Shuswap Drug (Dermatological Aid)
Poultice of pitch applied to sores.
Palmer, Gary 1975 Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany. Syesis 8:29-51 (p. 68)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Squaxin Drug (Dermatological Aid)
Infusion of bruised leaves used as an antiseptic for cuts.
Gunther, Erna 1973 Ethnobotany of Western Washington. Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition (p. 26)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Squaxin Drug (Disinfectant)
Infusion of bruised leaves applied as an antiseptic for cuts.
Gunther, Erna 1973 Ethnobotany of Western Washington. Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition (p. 26)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Squaxin Drug (Throat Aid)
Infusion of bark used as a gargle for sore throats.
Gunther, Erna 1973 Ethnobotany of Western Washington. Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition (p. 26)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Thompson Drug (Ceremonial Medicine)
Decoction of bark taken "for your health" after childbirth if someone close had passed away.
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al. 1990 Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia. Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum (p. 276)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Thompson Drug (Dermatological Aid)
Poultice of mashed buds mixed with pitch used for ringworm.
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al. 1990 Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia. Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum (p. 276)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Thompson Drug (Dermatological Aid)
Infusion of white inner bark used for washing sores and especially itchy skin.
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al. 1990 Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia. Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum (p. 276)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Thompson Drug (Gynecological Aid)
Infusion of white inner bark taken by women after childbirth.
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al. 1990 Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia. Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum (p. 276)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Thompson Drug (Orthopedic Aid)
Concoction of wood, willow, soapberry branches and "anything weeds" used for broken bones.
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al. 1990 Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia. Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum (p. 276)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Thompson Drug (Unspecified)
Decoction of buds taken for "some kind of disease."
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al. 1990 Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia. Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum (p. 276)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Yurok Drug (Unspecified)
Decoction of shoot tips used for medicine.
Baker, Marc A. 1981 The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California. Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis (p. 47)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Bella Coola Food (Dried Food)
Inner cambium "slime" sun dried and eaten with grease.
Turner, Nancy J. 1973 The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia. Syesis 6:193-220 (p. 210)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Bella Coola Food (Unspecified)
Inner cambium "slime" eaten fresh.
Turner, Nancy J. 1973 The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia. Syesis 6:193-220 (p. 210)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Blackfoot Food (Unspecified)
Inner bark and sap used for food.
Hart, Jeff 1992 Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples. Helena. Montana Historical Society Press (p. 68)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Cheyenne Food (Fodder)
Twigs and bark fed to horses and other livestock.
Hart, Jeff 1992 Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples. Helena. Montana Historical Society Press (p. 68)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Clallam Food (Dried Food)
Sap eaten dried.
Fleisher, Mark S. 1980 The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington. Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210 (p. 203)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Clallam Food (Unspecified)
Sap eaten fresh.
Fleisher, Mark S. 1980 The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington. Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210 (p. 203)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Flathead Food (Unspecified)
Inner bark and sap used for food.
Hart, Jeff 1992 Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples. Helena. Montana Historical Society Press (p. 68)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Haisla Food (Unspecified)
Cambium eaten fresh in spring.
Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J. 1992 The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada. Economic Botany 46(2):148-157 (p. 151)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Haisla and Hanaksiala Food (Unspecified)
Inner bark used for food.
Compton, Brian Douglas 1993 Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants.... Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia (p. 284)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Kutenai Food (Unspecified)
Inner bark and sap used for food.
Hart, Jeff 1992 Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples. Helena. Montana Historical Society Press (p. 68)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Kwakiutl, Southern Food (Unspecified)
Cambium eaten in early spring.
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell 1973 The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia. Economic Botany 27:257-310 (p. 292)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Oweekeno Food (Unspecified)
Cambium used for food.
Compton, Brian Douglas 1993 Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants.... Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia (p. 116)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Thompson Food (Forage)
Leaves and twigs eaten by moose.
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al. 1990 Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia. Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum (p. 276)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Missouri River Indian Dye (Yellow)
Buds used to make a yellow dye.
Hart, Jeff 1992 Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples. Helena. Montana Historical Society Press (p. 68)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Carrier Fiber (Canoe Material)
Wood used to make canoes.
Carrier Linguistic Committee 1973 Plants of Carrier Country. Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee (p. 69)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Cheyenne Fiber (Building Material)
Trunks used as framework for Sundance lodges.
Hart, Jeff 1992 Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples. Helena. Montana Historical Society Press (p. 68)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Hanaksiala Fiber (Mats, Rugs & Bedding)
Seed "wool" spun and used to make blankets and toques.
Compton, Brian Douglas 1993 Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants.... Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia (p. 284)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Karok Fiber (Basketry)
Roots used to make baskets.
Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford 1952 Karok Ethnobotany. Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392 (p. 381)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Nisga Fiber (Canoe Material)
Wood used to make canoes.
Compton, Brian Douglas 1993 Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants.... Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia (p. 349)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Nitinaht Fiber (Cordage)
Inner bark shredded, spun together with red or yellow cedar inner bark and used as twine.
Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie 1983 Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island. Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum (p. 126)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Nitinaht Fiber (Cordage)
Fibers, dog hair and nettles used to make stronger ropes.
Gill, Steven J. 1983 Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA). Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis (p. 241)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Okanagan-Colville Fiber (Canoe Material)
Wood used to make dugout canoes.
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy 1980 Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington. Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum (p. 134)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Quinault Fiber (Building Material)
Bark used for house coverings.
Gunther, Erna 1973 Ethnobotany of Western Washington. Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition (p. 26)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Salish, Coast Fiber (Canoe Material)
Wood used to make canoes.
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell 1971 The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II. Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339 (p. 89)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Shuswap Fiber (Canoe Material)
Wood used to make dugout canoes.
Palmer, Gary 1975 Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany. Syesis 8:29-51 (p. 68)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Squaxin Fiber (Building Material)
Young shoots used to make sweat lodges.
Gunther, Erna 1973 Ethnobotany of Western Washington. Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition (p. 26)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Squaxin Fiber (Cordage)
Young shoots used as lashings or tying thongs.
Gunther, Erna 1973 Ethnobotany of Western Washington. Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition (p. 26)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Thompson Fiber (Canoe Material)
Wood used for dugout canoes.
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al. 1990 Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia. Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum (p. 276)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Thompson Fiber (Mats, Rugs & Bedding)
Cottony seed fluff used for stuffing mattresses and pillows.
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al. 1990 Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia. Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum (p. 276)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Thompson Fiber (Scouring Material)
Inner bark used as a scouring pad.
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al. 1990 Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia. Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum (p. 276)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Blackfoot Other (Protection)
Sap used to conceal human scent when stealing enemy horses.
Hart, Jeff 1992 Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples. Helena. Montana Historical Society Press (p. 68)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Cheyenne Other (Paint)
Fruits used to make red, green, yellow, purple and white paint for suitcases and tipis.
Hart, Jeff 1992 Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples. Helena. Montana Historical Society Press (p. 68)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Haisla and Hanaksiala Other (Preservative)
Wood dried and used for smoking salmon.
Compton, Brian Douglas 1993 Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants.... Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia (p. 284)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Karok Other (Fasteners)
Leaf buds, in spring, used as glue to stick feathers to arrows.
Merriam, C. Hart 1966 Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes. University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley (p. 209)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Montana Indian Other (Fuel)
Branches used for firewood.
Hart, Jeff 1992 Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples. Helena. Montana Historical Society Press (p. 68)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Nitinaht Other (Hunting & Fishing Item)
Inner bark shredded, spun with stinging nettle fiber and used for fishing lines and duck nets.
Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie 1983 Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island. Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum (p. 126)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Nitinaht Other (Hunting & Fishing Item)
Knots used to make molded halibut hooks.
Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie 1983 Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island. Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum (p. 126)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Nitinaht Other (Incense & Fragrance)
Sweet smelling, yellow resin used as a scent in deer fat skin cosmetics.
Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie 1983 Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island. Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum (p. 126)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Nitinaht Other (Paint)
Sweet smelling, yellow resin used as a base for paints.
Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie 1983 Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island. Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum (p. 126)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Okanagan-Colville Other (Containers)
Bark used to make food storage containers and to line food storage pits.
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy 1980 Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington. Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum (p. 134)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Okanagan-Colville Other (Fasteners)
Bud scale resin used to glue arrowhead onto shafts and in making spears, fish hooks and canoes.
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy 1980 Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington. Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum (p. 134)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Okanagan-Colville Other (Season Indicator)
Leaves trembling or shimmering with no perceptible wind was a signal that bad weather was coming.
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy 1980 Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington. Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum (p. 134)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Okanagan-Colville Other (Tools)
Thin board of wood placed at the top of a cradle to flatten a child's head.
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy 1980 Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington. Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum (p. 134)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Oweekeno Other (Fasteners)
Buds used as a binding agent to glue duck feathers to red cedar hoops used for festive applications.
Compton, Brian Douglas 1993 Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants.... Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia (p. 116)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Paiute Other (Fuel)
Wood used for fuel.
Mahar, James Michael. 1953 Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation. Reed College, B.A. Thesis (p. 61)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Shuswap Other (Hide Preparation)
Wood used for smoking buckskin.
Palmer, Gary 1975 Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany. Syesis 8:29-51 (p. 68)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Thompson Other (Fuel)
Rotten wood used as a fuel in smoking hides.
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al. 1990 Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia. Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum (p. 276)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Thompson Other (Soap)
Dried inner bark packaged into small, fist sized bundles and used as a soap substitute.
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al. 1990 Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia. Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum (p. 276)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Thompson Other (Tools)
Dried root used as a drill in making friction fires.
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al. 1990 Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia. Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum (p. 276)


Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
Black Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Yurok Other (Tools)
Pitch used to apply soot in the tattooing process.
Baker, Marc A. 1981 The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California. Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis (p. 47)


Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Delaware Drug (Strengthener)
Bark combined with black haw and wild plum barks and used by women for weakness and debility.
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys 1972 Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians. Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3 (p. 31)


Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Delaware, Oklahoma Drug (Gynecological Aid)
Simple or compound infusion taken for "weakness and debility in women."
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys 1942 A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs. Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission (p. 26, 78)


Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Flathead Drug (Cold Remedy)
Bark eaten for colds.
Hart, Jeff 1992 Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples. Helena. Montana Historical Society Press (p. 68)


Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Flathead Drug (Dermatological Aid)
Poultice of leaves used for bruises, sores and boils.
Hart, Jeff 1992 Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples. Helena. Montana Historical Society Press (p. 68)


Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Flathead Drug (Venereal Aid)
Infusion of young branches, buds and other plants taken for syphilis.
Hart, Jeff 1992 Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples. Helena. Montana Historical Society Press (p. 68)


Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Iroquois Drug (Anthelmintic)
Decoction of bark used for intestinal worms.
Rousseau, Jacques 1945 Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga. Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72 (p. 39)


Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Iroquois Drug (Veterinary Aid)
Poultice of dried bark flour and water applied to horses with bumps containing worms.
Rousseau, Jacques 1945 Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga. Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72 (p. 39)


Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Kutenai Drug (Dermatological Aid)
Poultice of leaves used for bruises, sores and boils.
Hart, Jeff 1992 Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples. Helena. Montana Historical Society Press (p. 68)


Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Kutenai Drug (Respiratory Aid)
Infusion of bark taken for whooping cough.
Hart, Jeff 1992 Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples. Helena. Montana Historical Society Press (p. 68)


Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Kutenai Drug (Tuberculosis Remedy)
Infusion of bark taken for tuberculosis.
Hart, Jeff 1992 Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples. Helena. Montana Historical Society Press (p. 68)


Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Nanticoke Drug (Orthopedic Aid)
Compound containing bark used as a lotion for sprains.
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys 1942 A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs. Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission (p. 56, 84)


Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Nez Perce Drug (Antirheumatic (External))
Leaves used for aching muscles.
Hart, Jeff 1992 Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples. Helena. Montana Historical Society Press (p. 68)


Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Nez Perce Drug (Veterinary Aid)
Poultice of leaves used for horses' sores.
Hart, Jeff 1992 Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples. Helena. Montana Historical Society Press (p. 68)


Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Blackfoot Food (Unspecified)
Inner bark and sap used for food.
Hart, Jeff 1992 Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples. Helena. Montana Historical Society Press (p. 68)


Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Cheyenne Food (Fodder)
Twigs and bark fed to horses and other livestock.
Hart, Jeff 1992 Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples. Helena. Montana Historical Society Press (p. 68)


Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Cheyenne Food (Fodder)
Bark and twigs formerly used to feed horses in winter.
Hart, Jeffrey A. 1981 The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55 (p. 36)


Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Cheyenne Food (Unspecified)
Inner bark scraped and eaten in spring.
Hart, Jeffrey A. 1981 The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55 (p. 36)


Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Flathead Food (Unspecified)
Inner bark and sap used for food.
Hart, Jeff 1992 Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples. Helena. Montana Historical Society Press (p. 68)


Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Kutenai Food (Unspecified)
Inner bark and sap used for food.
Hart, Jeff 1992 Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples. Helena. Montana Historical Society Press (p. 68)


Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Lakota Food (Forage)
Bark eaten by horses.
Rogers, Dilwyn J 1980 Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota. St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety (p. 57)


Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Montana Indian Food (Fodder)
Young twigs fed to horses when other food was not obtainable.
Blankinship, J. W. 1905 Native Economic Plants of Montana. Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56 (p. 19)


Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Montana Indian Food (Unspecified)
Inner bark considered a valuable mucilaginous food.
Blankinship, J. W. 1905 Native Economic Plants of Montana. Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56 (p. 19)


Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Pima Food (Unspecified)
Catkins eaten raw.
Russell, Frank 1908 The Pima Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390 (p. 69)


Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Cheyenne Dye (Green)
Brown, gummy leaf buds scratched and used to make a green dye.
Hart, Jeffrey A. 1981 The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55 (p. 36)


Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Cheyenne Dye (Purple)
Brown, gummy leaf buds scratched and used to make a purple dye.
Hart, Jeffrey A. 1981 The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55 (p. 36)


Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Cheyenne Dye (Red)
Brown, gummy leaf buds scratched and used to make a red dye.
Hart, Jeffrey A. 1981 The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55 (p. 36)


Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Cheyenne Dye (Unspecified)
Used to make a dye.
Hart, Jeffrey A. 1981 The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55 (p. 46)


Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Cheyenne Dye (White)
Brown, gummy leaf buds scratched and used to make a white dye.
Hart, Jeffrey A. 1981 The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55 (p. 36)


Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Missouri River Indian Dye (Yellow)
Buds used to make a yellow dye.
Hart, Jeff 1992 Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples. Helena. Montana Historical Society Press (p. 68)


Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Cheyenne Fiber (Building Material)
Trunks used to construct the medicine lodge for the Sun Dance ceremony.
Hart, Jeffrey A. 1981 The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55 (p. 46)


Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Cheyenne Fiber (Building Material)
Trunks used as framework for Sundance lodges.
Hart, Jeff 1992 Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples. Helena. Montana Historical Society Press (p. 68)


Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Kiowa Fiber (Building Material)
Used to make poles for the ceremonial tepee.
Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes 1939 The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians. Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University (p. 19)


Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Montana Indian Fiber (Building Material)
Wood used for fire and shelter during the winter.
Blankinship, J. W. 1905 Native Economic Plants of Montana. Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56 (p. 19)


Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Blackfoot Other (Protection)
Sap used to conceal human scent when stealing enemy horses.
Hart, Jeff 1992 Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples. Helena. Montana Historical Society Press (p. 68)


Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Cheyenne Other (Paint)
Fruits used to make red, green, yellow, purple and white paint for suitcases and tipis.
Hart, Jeff 1992 Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples. Helena. Montana Historical Society Press (p. 68)


Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Kiowa Other (Ceremonial Items)
Used to make smoke sticks for the peyote ceremony.
Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes 1939 The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians. Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University (p. 19)


Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Kiowa Other (Fuel)
Used for fuel.
Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes 1939 The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians. Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University (p. 19)


Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Montana Indian Other (Fuel)
Branches used for firewood.
Hart, Jeff 1992 Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples. Helena. Montana Historical Society Press (p. 68)


Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Montana Indian Other (Fuel)
Wood used for fire and shelter during the winter.
Blankinship, J. W. 1905 Native Economic Plants of Montana. Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56 (p. 19)


Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Montana Indian Other (Smoke Plant)
Inner bark used for "kinnikinnick."
Blankinship, J. W. 1905 Native Economic Plants of Montana. Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56 (p. 19)


Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Pima Other (Containers)
Used moistened to line pits for roasting saltbush overnight.
Castetter, Edward F. 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44 (p. 23)


Populus deltoides ssp. deltoides
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Choctaw Drug (Dermatological Aid)
Decoction of leaves and bark steam used for wounds.
Bushnell, Jr., David I. 1909 The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana. SI-BAE Bulletin #48 (p. 24)


Populus deltoides ssp. deltoides
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Choctaw Drug (Herbal Steam)
Steam from decoction of stems, bark and leaves used for snake bites.
Bushnell, Jr., David I. 1909 The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana. SI-BAE Bulletin #48 (p. 23)


Populus deltoides ssp. deltoides
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Choctaw Drug (Snake Bite Remedy)
Steam from decoction of stems, bark and leaves used for snake bites.
Bushnell, Jr., David I. 1909 The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana. SI-BAE Bulletin #48 (p. 23)


Populus deltoides ssp. deltoides
Eastern Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Choctaw Drug (Snake Bite Remedy)
Decoction of stems, bark and leaves used as a steambath for snakebites.
Taylor, Linda Averill 1940 Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes. Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University (p. 12)


Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder
Plains Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Ojibwa, South Drug (Dermatological Aid)
Cotton down used as an absorbent on open sores.
Hoffman, W.J. 1891 The Midewiwin or "Grand Medicine Society" of the Ojibwa. SI-BAE Annual Report #7 (p. 199)


Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder
Plains Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Omaha Drug (Ceremonial Medicine)
Plant used in various rituals.
Gilmore, Melvin R. 1913 A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians. Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57. (p. 322)


Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder
Plains Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Dakota Food (Candy)
Fruit used as chewing gum by children.
Gilmore, Melvin R. 1919 Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region. SI-BAE Annual Report #33 (p. 72)


Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder
Plains Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Dakota Food (Forage)
Branches used as forage for horses.
Gilmore, Melvin R. 1919 Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region. SI-BAE Annual Report #33 (p. 72)


Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder
Plains Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Dakota Food (Unspecified)
Inner bark eaten for its pleasant, sweet taste and nutritive value.
Gilmore, Melvin R. 1919 Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region. SI-BAE Annual Report #33 (p. 72)


Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder
Plains Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Ojibwa Food (Unspecified)
Buds and seed capsules used for food.
Reagan, Albert B. 1928 Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota. Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248 (p. 243)


Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder
Plains Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Omaha Food (Candy)
Fruit used as chewing gum by children.
Gilmore, Melvin R. 1919 Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region. SI-BAE Annual Report #33 (p. 72)


Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder
Plains Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Pawnee Food (Candy)
Fruit used as chewing gum by children.
Gilmore, Melvin R. 1919 Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region. SI-BAE Annual Report #33 (p. 72)


Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder
Plains Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Ponca Food (Candy)
Cottony fruits used as chewing gum by children.
Gilmore, Melvin R. 1919 Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region. SI-BAE Annual Report #33 (p. 72)


Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder
Plains Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Dakota Dye (Yellow)
Waxy leaf buds boiled to make a yellow dye.
Gilmore, Melvin R. 1919 Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region. SI-BAE Annual Report #33 (p. 72)


Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder
Plains Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Dakota Dye (Yellow)
Seed vessels boiled to make a yellow dye for pluming arrow feathers.
Gilmore, Melvin R. 1919 Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region. SI-BAE Annual Report #33 (p. 72)


Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder
Plains Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Omaha Dye (Yellow)
Leaf buds used to make a yellow dye.
Gilmore, Melvin R. 1913 A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians. Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57. (p. 324)


Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder
Plains Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Omaha Dye (Yellow)
Seed vessels boiled to make a yellow dye for pluming arrow feathers.
Gilmore, Melvin R. 1919 Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region. SI-BAE Annual Report #33 (p. 72)


Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder
Plains Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Pawnee Dye (Yellow)
Waxy leaf buds boiled to make a yellow dye.
Gilmore, Melvin R. 1919 Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region. SI-BAE Annual Report #33 (p. 72)


Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder
Plains Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Pawnee Dye (Yellow)
Seed vessels boiled to make a yellow dye for pluming arrow feathers.
Gilmore, Melvin R. 1919 Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region. SI-BAE Annual Report #33 (p. 72)


Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder
Plains Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Ponca Dye (Yellow)
Seed vessels boiled to make a yellow dye for pluming arrow feathers.
Gilmore, Melvin R. 1919 Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region. SI-BAE Annual Report #33 (p. 72)


Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder
Plains Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Omaha Fiber (Building Material)
Plant used to make the sacred pole.
Gilmore, Melvin R. 1919 Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region. SI-BAE Annual Report #33 (p. 72)


Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder
Plains Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Dakota Other (Musical Instrument)
Leaves used by girls and young women to make a flute-like instrument.
Gilmore, Melvin R. 1919 Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region. SI-BAE Annual Report #33 (p. 72)


Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder
Plains Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Dakota Other (Toys & Games)
Leaves used by children to make toy tipis.
Gilmore, Melvin R. 1919 Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region. SI-BAE Annual Report #33 (p. 72)


Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder
Plains Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Dakota Other (Toys & Games)
Leaves used by little girls to make toy moccasins.
Gilmore, Melvin R. 1919 Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region. SI-BAE Annual Report #33 (p. 72)


Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder
Plains Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Dakota Other (Toys & Games)
Green, unopened fruits used by children as beads and ear pendants in play.
Gilmore, Melvin R. 1919 Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region. SI-BAE Annual Report #33 (p. 72)


Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder
Plains Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Ojibwa Other (Paper)
Wood used for pulpwood.
Reagan, Albert B. 1928 Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota. Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248 (p. 243)


Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder
Plains Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Omaha Other (Ceremonial Items)
Wood used for the sacred pole and for the poles of the "buffalo tent."
Gilmore, Melvin R. 1913 A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians. Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57. (p. 321)


Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder
Plains Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Omaha Other (Fuel)
Bark used as fuel for roasting the clays in making skin paints.
Gilmore, Melvin R. 1919 Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region. SI-BAE Annual Report #33 (p. 72)


Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder
Plains Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Omaha Other (Musical Instrument)
Leaves used by girls and young women to make a flute-like instrument.
Gilmore, Melvin R. 1919 Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region. SI-BAE Annual Report #33 (p. 72)


Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder
Plains Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Omaha Other (Sacred Items)
Plant used to make the sacred pole.
Gilmore, Melvin R. 1919 Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region. SI-BAE Annual Report #33 (p. 72)


Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder
Plains Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Omaha Other (Toys & Games)
Leaves used by children to make toy tipis.
Gilmore, Melvin R. 1919 Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region. SI-BAE Annual Report #33 (p. 72)


Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder
Plains Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Omaha Other (Toys & Games)
Leaves used by little girls to make toy moccasins.
Gilmore, Melvin R. 1919 Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region. SI-BAE Annual Report #33 (p. 72)


Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder
Plains Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Omaha Other (Toys & Games)
Green, unopened fruits used by children as beads and ear pendants in play.
Gilmore, Melvin R. 1919 Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region. SI-BAE Annual Report #33 (p. 72)


Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder
Plains Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Pawnee Other (Musical Instrument)
Leaves used by girls and young women to make a flute-like instrument.
Gilmore, Melvin R. 1919 Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region. SI-BAE Annual Report #33 (p. 72)


Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder
Plains Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Pawnee Other (Toys & Games)
Leaves used by children to make toy tipis.
Gilmore, Melvin R. 1919 Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region. SI-BAE Annual Report #33 (p. 72)


Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder
Plains Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Pawnee Other (Toys & Games)
Leaves used by little girls to make toy moccasins.
Gilmore, Melvin R. 1919 Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region. SI-BAE Annual Report #33 (p. 72)


Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder
Plains Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Pawnee Other (Toys & Games)
Green, unopened fruits used by children as beads and ear pendants in play.
Gilmore, Melvin R. 1919 Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region. SI-BAE Annual Report #33 (p. 72)


Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder
Plains Cottonwood; Salicaceae
Ponca Other (Musical Instrument)
Leaves used by girls and young women to make a flute-like instrument.
G