Agavaceae

University of Michigan at Dearborn Native American Ethnobotany Database
Agavaceae
more than 500 entries, only first 500 listed here
(database accessed August 2005)

Agave americana L.
American Century Plant; Agavaceae
Apache Food (Dried Food)
Heads and young leaves roasted, sun dried and used immediately or stored.
Castetter, Edward F. 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44 (p. 10)

Agave americana L.
American Century Plant; Agavaceae
Apache Food (Staple)
Used as one of the most important foods.
Castetter, Edward F. 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44 (p. 10)

Agave americana L.
American Century Plant; Agavaceae
Apache, White Mountain Food (Beverage)
"Hearts" and roots pit baked, crushed and fermented into an intoxicating beverage.
Reagan, Albert B. 1929 Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona. Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61. (p. 145)

Agave americana L.
American Century Plant; Agavaceae
Apache, White Mountain Food (Unspecified)
Tubers pit baked and eaten.
Reagan, Albert B. 1929 Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona. Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61. (p. 155)

Agave americana L.
American Century Plant; Agavaceae
Apache, White Mountain Food (Winter Use Food)
Tubers pit baked and stored for future use.
Reagan, Albert B. 1929 Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona. Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61. (p. 145)

Agave americana L.
American Century Plant; Agavaceae
Comanche Food (Staple)
Used as one of the most important foods.
Castetter, Edward F. 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44 (p. 10)

Agave americana L.
American Century Plant; Agavaceae
Mohave Food (Staple)
Used as one of the most important foods.
Castetter, Edward F. 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44 (p. 10)

Agave americana L.
American Century Plant; Agavaceae
Paiute Food (Staple)
Used as one of the most important foods.
Castetter, Edward F. 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44 (p. 10)

Agave americana L.
American Century Plant; Agavaceae
Papago Food (Staple)
Used as one of the most important foods.
Castetter, Edward F. 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44 (p. 10)

Agave americana L.
American Century Plant; Agavaceae
Papago Food (Unspecified)
Pit baked and extensively used for food.
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84 (p. 16)

Agave americana L.
American Century Plant; Agavaceae
Papago Food (Unspecified)
Pit baked and used for food.
Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell 1942 Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition. (p. 61)

Agave americana L.
American Century Plant; Agavaceae
Papago Food (Vegetable)
Crowns with leaves removed eaten as greens in winter.
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84 (p. 14)

Agave americana L.
American Century Plant; Agavaceae
Papago Food (Vegetable)
Central flowering stalks eaten as greens in spring before they emerged.
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84 (p. 14)

Agave americana L.
American Century Plant; Agavaceae
Papago Food (Vegetable)
Flower stalks eaten as greens.
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84 (p. 16)

Agave americana L.
American Century Plant; Agavaceae
Papago Food (Vegetable)
Pit baked and used as greens.
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84 (p. 46)

Agave americana L.
American Century Plant; Agavaceae
Papago Food (Vegetable)
Flower stalks roasted in ashes and eaten as greens.
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84 (p. 46)

Agave americana L.
American Century Plant; Agavaceae
Pima Food (Dried Food)
Fruit heads roasted, centers sun dried and used for food.
Russell, Frank 1908 The Pima Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390 (p. 70)

Agave americana L.
American Century Plant; Agavaceae
Pima Food (Sauce & Relish)
Juice boiled and used as a syrup.
Russell, Frank 1908 The Pima Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390 (p. 70)

Agave americana L.
American Century Plant; Agavaceae
Pima Food (Starvation Food)
Used for food in times of famine.
Russell, Frank 1908 The Pima Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390 (p. 70)

Agave americana L.
American Century Plant; Agavaceae
Ute Food (Staple)
Used as one of the most important foods.
Castetter, Edward F. 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44 (p. 10)

Agave americana L.
American Century Plant; Agavaceae
Yuma Food (Staple)
Used as one of the most important foods.
Castetter, Edward F. 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44 (p. 10)

Agave americana L.
American Century Plant; Agavaceae
Papago Fiber (Brushes & Brooms)
Bundles of fibers used as combination brushes and combs for hair.
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84 (p. 51)

Agave americana L.
American Century Plant; Agavaceae
Papago Fiber (Building Material)
Leaves split and used for the weft of wrapped weaving in house frames.
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84 (p. 53)

Agave americana L.
American Century Plant; Agavaceae
Papago Other (Cash Crop)
Pit baked, kept in jars and traded as a delicacy.
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84 (p. 16)

Agave americana L.
American Century Plant; Agavaceae
Papago Other (Containers)
Two-ply fiber formerly used to make carrying nets.
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84 (p. 54)

Agave americana L.
American Century Plant; Agavaceae
Pima Other (Cash Crop)
Obtained by barter from the Papago Indians.
Castetter, Edward F. 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44 (p. 10)

Agave decipiens Baker
False Sisal; Agavaceae
Apache, White Mountain Food (Beverage)
Heart and tubers used to make a fermented drink.
Reagan, Albert B. 1929 Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona. Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61. (p. 155)

Agave decipiens Baker
False Sisal; Agavaceae
Apache, White Mountain Food (Unspecified)
Tubers pit baked and eaten.
Reagan, Albert B. 1929 Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona. Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61. (p. 155)

Agave deserti Engelm.
Desert Agave; Agavaceae
Cahuilla Food (Dried Food)
Flowers parboiled to release the bitterness and dried for future use.
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel 1972 Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants. Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press (p. 31)

Agave deserti Engelm.
Desert Agave; Agavaceae
Cahuilla Food (Dried Food)
Baked leaves dried and stored for future use.
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel 1972 Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants. Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press (p. 31)

Agave deserti Engelm.
Desert Agave; Agavaceae
Cahuilla Food (Dried Food)
Roasted, pounded stalks and leaves made into cakes and sun dried.
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel 1972 Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants. Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press (p. 31)

Agave deserti Engelm.
Desert Agave; Agavaceae
Cahuilla Food (Unspecified)
Flowers parboiled to release the bitterness and eaten.
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel 1972 Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants. Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press (p. 31)

Agave deserti Engelm.
Desert Agave; Agavaceae
Cahuilla Food (Unspecified)
Baked leaves eaten.
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel 1972 Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants. Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press (p. 31)

Agave deserti Engelm.
Desert Agave; Agavaceae
Cahuilla Food (Unspecified)
Roasted stalks used for food.
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel 1972 Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants. Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press (p. 31)

Agave deserti Engelm.
Desert Agave; Agavaceae
Cocopa Food (Unspecified)
Crowns gathered and pit-baked.
Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell 1951 Yuman Indian Agriculture. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press (p. 202)

Agave deserti Engelm.
Desert Agave; Agavaceae
Diegueno Food (Unspecified)
Roots and stalks baked overnight in a pit oven and used for food.
Hedges, Ken 1986 Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany. San Diego Museum of Man Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20 (p. 13)

Agave deserti Engelm.
Desert Agave; Agavaceae
Papago Food (Unspecified)
Pit baked and used for food.
Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell 1942 Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition. (p. 61)

Agave deserti Engelm.
Desert Agave; Agavaceae
Pima Food (Candy)
Heads baked, sliced, dried and eaten like candy.
Curtin, L. S. M. 1949 By the Prophet of the Earth. Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation (p. 48)

Agave deserti Engelm.
Desert Agave; Agavaceae
Pima Food (Unspecified)
Heads pit baked and eaten with pinole.
Curtin, L. S. M. 1949 By the Prophet of the Earth. Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation (p. 48)

Agave deserti Engelm.
Desert Agave; Agavaceae
Pima, Gila River Food (Candy)
Plant dried and used as sweets.
Rea, Amadeo M. 1991 Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction. Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10 (p. 6)

Agave deserti Engelm.
Desert Agave; Agavaceae
Pima, Gila River Food (Dried Food)
Hearts dried and stored indefinitely.
Rea, Amadeo M. 1991 Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction. Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10 (p. 4)

Agave deserti Engelm.
Desert Agave; Agavaceae
Pima, Gila River Food (Staple)
Hearts pit roasted and used as a staple food.
Rea, Amadeo M. 1991 Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction. Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10 (p. 7)

Agave deserti Engelm.
Desert Agave; Agavaceae
Cahuilla Dye (Unspecified)
Burned stalk ash used as a dye for tattoos.
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel 1972 Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants. Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press (p. 31)

Agave deserti Engelm.
Desert Agave; Agavaceae
Cahuilla Fiber (Basketry)
Pounded leaves dried and made into cactus bags.
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel 1972 Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants. Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press (p. 31)

Agave deserti Engelm.
Desert Agave; Agavaceae
Cahuilla Fiber (Clothing)
Pounded leaves dried and made into shoes, sandals and women's skirts.
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel 1972 Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants. Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press (p. 31)

Agave deserti Engelm.
Desert Agave; Agavaceae
Cahuilla Fiber (Cordage)
Pounded leaves dried and made into nets, slings and cordage.
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel 1972 Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants. Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press (p. 31)

Agave deserti Engelm.
Desert Agave; Agavaceae
Cahuilla Fiber (Cordage)
Pounded leaves dried and made into nets used for baby cradles.
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel 1972 Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants. Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press (p. 31)

Agave deserti Engelm.
Desert Agave; Agavaceae
Cahuilla Fiber (Scouring Material)
Pounded leaves dried and made into cleaning brushes for cooking water.
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel 1972 Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants. Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press (p. 31)

Agave deserti Engelm.
Desert Agave; Agavaceae
Pima Fiber (Cordage)
Dead leaves cut, beaten, and fibers twined into cords or rope.
Curtin, L. S. M. 1949 By the Prophet of the Earth. Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation (p. 48)

Agave deserti Engelm.
Desert Agave; Agavaceae
Cahuilla Other (Ceremonial Items)
Pounded leaves dried and made into netting used for ceremonial costumes.
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel 1972 Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants. Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press (p. 31)

Agave deserti Engelm.
Desert Agave; Agavaceae
Cahuilla Other (Fuel)
Dried stalks used for firewood.
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel 1972 Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants. Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press (p. 31)

Agave deserti Engelm.
Desert Agave; Agavaceae
Cahuilla Other (Hunting & Fishing Item)
Pounded leaves dried and made into bowstrings and snares.
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel 1972 Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants. Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press (p. 31)

Agave deserti Engelm.
Desert Agave; Agavaceae
Cahuilla Other (Stable Gear)
Pounded leaves dried and made into saddle blankets.
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel 1972 Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants. Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press (p. 31)

Agave deserti Engelm.
Desert Agave; Agavaceae
Cahuilla Other (Tools)
Thorns used as awls in basket making.
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel 1972 Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants. Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press (p. 31)

Agave deserti Engelm.
Desert Agave; Agavaceae
Cahuilla Other (Tools)
Thorns used as tool for tattooing.
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel 1972 Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants. Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press (p. 31)

Agave deserti Engelm.
Desert Agave; Agavaceae
Cocopa Other (Cash Crop)
Baked crowns obtained from Paipai and Diegueno in trade for agricultural products.
Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell 1951 Yuman Indian Agriculture. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press (p. 202)

Agave lechuguilla Torr.
Lechuguilla; Agavaceae
Papago Fiber (Cordage)
Leaves used to make rough cordage.
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84 (p. 61)

Agave lechuguilla Torr.
Lechuguilla; Agavaceae
Pima Fiber (Brushes & Brooms)
Fiber used to make hair brushes.
Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter 1941 Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest. University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74 (p. 50)

Agave lechuguilla Torr.
Lechuguilla; Agavaceae
Papago Other (Cash Crop)
Fibers and the cordage made from them bartered with the Pimas for blankets and cotton.
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84 (p. 61)

Agave palmeri Engelm.
Palmer's Century Plant; Agavaceae
Apache, Western Food (Beverage)
Juice fermented into a drink.
Buskirk, Winfred 1986 The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950. Norman. University of Oklahoma Press (p. 169)

Agave palmeri Engelm.
Palmer's Century Plant; Agavaceae
Apache, Western Food (Beverage)
Crowns cooked, fermented in a vessel, ground, boiled and the liquor again fermented.
Buskirk, Winfred 1986 The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950. Norman. University of Oklahoma Press (p. 169)

Agave palmeri Engelm.
Palmer's Century Plant; Agavaceae
Apache, Western Food (Beverage)
Juice strained and mixed with "tiswin water," a liquor of fermented maize.
Buskirk, Winfred 1986 The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950. Norman. University of Oklahoma Press (p. 169)

Agave palmeri Engelm.
Palmer's Century Plant; Agavaceae
Apache, Western Food (Candy)
Heart of the crown eaten by children as candy.
Buskirk, Winfred 1986 The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950. Norman. University of Oklahoma Press (p. 169)

Agave palmeri Engelm.
Palmer's Century Plant; Agavaceae
Apache, Western Food (Dried Food)
Plant eaten dried.
Buskirk, Winfred 1986 The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950. Norman. University of Oklahoma Press (p. 169)

Agave palmeri Engelm.
Palmer's Century Plant; Agavaceae
Apache, Western Food (Substitution Food)
Used in absence of other foods.
Buskirk, Winfred 1986 The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950. Norman. University of Oklahoma Press (p. 169)

Agave palmeri Engelm.
Palmer's Century Plant; Agavaceae
Apache, Western Food (Unspecified)
Crowns used for food.
Buskirk, Winfred 1986 The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950. Norman. University of Oklahoma Press (p. 169)

Agave palmeri Engelm.
Palmer's Century Plant; Agavaceae
Apache, Western Food (Beverage)
Flower stalk baked and chewed for juice.
Buskirk, Winfred 1986 The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950. Norman. University of Oklahoma Press (p. 169)

Agave palmeri Engelm.
Palmer's Century Plant; Agavaceae
Papago Food (Unspecified)
Pit baked and used for food.
Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell 1942 Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition. (p. 61)

Agave palmeri Engelm.
Palmer's Century Plant; Agavaceae
Apache, Western Fiber (Sewing Material)
Thorn used as needle and thread.
Buskirk, Winfred 1986 The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950. Norman. University of Oklahoma Press (p. 169)

Agave palmeri Engelm.
Palmer's Century Plant; Agavaceae
Apache, Western Other (Decorations)
Juice used by young girls to daub on their cheeks.
Buskirk, Winfred 1986 The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950. Norman. University of Oklahoma Press (p. 169)

Agave palmeri Engelm.
Palmer's Century Plant; Agavaceae
Apache, Western Other (Paint)
Juice covering pit stones after baking used to paint stripes on buckskin.
Buskirk, Winfred 1986 The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950. Norman. University of Oklahoma Press (p. 169)

Agave palmeri Engelm.
Palmer's Century Plant; Agavaceae
Apache, Western Other (Tools)
Stalk fashioned into hoe handles.
Buskirk, Winfred 1986 The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950. Norman. University of Oklahoma Press (p. 169)

Agave palmeri Engelm.
Palmer's Century Plant; Agavaceae
Apache, Western Other (Weapon)
Stalk used for a lance shaft.
Buskirk, Winfred 1986 The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950. Norman. University of Oklahoma Press (p. 169)

Agave parryi Engelm.
Parry's Agave; Agavaceae
Apache Food (Dried Food)
Heads and young leaves roasted, sun dried and used immediately or stored.
Castetter, Edward F. 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44 (p. 10)

Agave parryi Engelm.
Parry's Agave; Agavaceae
Apache Food (Unspecified)
Roots baked and eaten.
Castetter, Edward F. 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44 (p. 13)

Agave parryi Engelm.
Parry's Agave; Agavaceae
Apache Food (Staple)
Used as one of the most important foods.
Castetter, Edward F. 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44 (p. 10)

Agave parryi Engelm.
Parry's Agave; Agavaceae
Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Food (Unspecified)
Bulbous crowns baked in pits, pulpy centers released, pounded into thin sheets and eaten.
Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler 1936 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63 (p. 35)

Agave parryi Engelm.
Parry's Agave; Agavaceae
Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Food (Unspecified)
Stalks roasted, boiled or eaten raw.
Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler 1936 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63 (p. 38)

Agave parryi Engelm.
Parry's Agave; Agavaceae
Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Food (Vegetable)
Stalks boiled, dried and stored to be used as vegetables.
Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler 1936 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63 (p. 38)

Agave parryi Engelm.
Parry's Agave; Agavaceae
Apache, Mescalero Food (Bread & Cake)
Leaf bases pit cooked, made into cakes, dried and used for food.
Basehart, Harry W. 1974 Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization. New York. Garland Publishing Inc. (p. 30)

Agave parryi Engelm.
Parry's Agave; Agavaceae
Apache, Western Food (Beverage)
Juice fermented into a drink.
Buskirk, Winfred 1986 The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950. Norman. University of Oklahoma Press (p. 169)

Agave parryi Engelm.
Parry's Agave; Agavaceae
Apache, Western Food (Beverage)
Crowns cooked, fermented in a vessel, ground, boiled and the liquor again fermented.
Buskirk, Winfred 1986 The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950. Norman. University of Oklahoma Press (p. 169)

Agave parryi Engelm.
Parry's Agave; Agavaceae
Apache, Western Food (Beverage)
Juice strained and mixed with "tiswin water," a liquor of fermented maize.
Buskirk, Winfred 1986 The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950. Norman. University of Oklahoma Press (p. 169)

Agave parryi Engelm.
Parry's Agave; Agavaceae
Apache, Western Food (Candy)
Heart of the crown eaten by children as candy.
Buskirk, Winfred 1986 The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950. Norman. University of Oklahoma Press (p. 169)

Agave parryi Engelm.
Parry's Agave; Agavaceae
Apache, Western Food (Dried Food)
Plant eaten dried.
Buskirk, Winfred 1986 The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950. Norman. University of Oklahoma Press (p. 169)

Agave parryi Engelm.
Parry's Agave; Agavaceae
Apache, Western Food (Substitution Food)
Used in absence of other foods.
Buskirk, Winfred 1986 The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950. Norman. University of Oklahoma Press (p. 169)

Agave parryi Engelm.
Parry's Agave; Agavaceae
Apache, Western Food (Unspecified)
Crowns used for food.
Buskirk, Winfred 1986 The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950. Norman. University of Oklahoma Press (p. 169)

Agave parryi Engelm.
Parry's Agave; Agavaceae
Apache, Western Food (Beverage)
Flower stalk baked and chewed for juice.
Buskirk, Winfred 1986 The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950. Norman. University of Oklahoma Press (p. 169)

Agave parryi Engelm.
Parry's Agave; Agavaceae
Comanche Food (Staple)
Used as one of the most important foods.
Castetter, Edward F. 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44 (p. 10)

Agave parryi Engelm.
Parry's Agave; Agavaceae
Mohave Food (Staple)
Used as one of the most important foods.
Castetter, Edward F. 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44 (p. 10)

Agave parryi Engelm.
Parry's Agave; Agavaceae
Paiute Food (Staple)
Used as one of the most important foods.
Castetter, Edward F. 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44 (p. 10)

Agave parryi Engelm.
Parry's Agave; Agavaceae
Papago Food (Staple)
Used as one of the most important foods.
Castetter, Edward F. 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44 (p. 10)

Agave parryi Engelm.
Parry's Agave; Agavaceae
Ute Food (Staple)
Used as one of the most important foods.
Castetter, Edward F. 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44 (p. 10)

Agave parryi Engelm.
Parry's Agave; Agavaceae
Yuma Food (Staple)
Used as one of the most important foods.
Castetter, Edward F. 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44 (p. 10)

Agave parryi Engelm.
Parry's Agave; Agavaceae
Apache, Western Fiber (Sewing Material)
Thorn used as needle and thread.
Buskirk, Winfred 1986 The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950. Norman. University of Oklahoma Press (p. 169)

Agave parryi Engelm.
Parry's Agave; Agavaceae
Apache, Western Other (Decorations)
Juice used by young girls to daub on their cheeks.
Buskirk, Winfred 1986 The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950. Norman. University of Oklahoma Press (p. 169)

Agave parryi Engelm.
Parry's Agave; Agavaceae
Apache, Western Other (Paint)
Juice covering pit stones after baking used to paint stripes on buckskin.
Buskirk, Winfred 1986 The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950. Norman. University of Oklahoma Press (p. 169)

Agave parryi Engelm.
Parry's Agave; Agavaceae
Apache, Western Other (Tools)
Stalk fashioned into hoe handles.
Buskirk, Winfred 1986 The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950. Norman. University of Oklahoma Press (p. 169)

Agave parryi Engelm.
Parry's Agave; Agavaceae
Apache, Western Other (Weapon)
Stalk used for a lance shaft.
Buskirk, Winfred 1986 The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950. Norman. University of Oklahoma Press (p. 169)

Agave parryi Engelm.
Parry's Agave; Agavaceae
Pima Other (Cash Crop)
Obtained by barter from the Papago Indians.
Castetter, Edward F. 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44 (p. 10)

Agave schottii Engelm.
Schott's Century Plant; Agavaceae
Papago Food (Unspecified)
Pit baked and used for food.
Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell 1942 Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition. (p. 61)

Agave sp.
Mescal Agave; Agavaceae
Hualapai Drug (Dermatological Aid)
Used as a facial cream.
Watahomigie, Lucille J. 1982 Hualapai Ethnobotany. Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8 (p. 55)

Agave sp.
Mescal; Agavaceae
Apache, San Carlos Food (Unspecified)
Pit baked and used for food.
Hrdlicka, Ales 1908 Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico. SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427 (p. 257)

Agave sp.
Mescal; Agavaceae
Havasupai Food (Beverage)
Leaves and young buds baked, soaked in water and used as a drink.
Whiting, Alfred F. 1939 Ethnobotany of the Hopi. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15 (p. 71)

Agave sp.
Mescal Agave; Agavaceae
Hualapai Food (Staple)
Plant considered a main staple.
Watahomigie, Lucille J. 1982 Hualapai Ethnobotany. Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8 (p. 55)

Agave sp.
Mescal Agave; Agavaceae
Hualapai Food (Sweetener)
Stems, before blooming, eaten like sugar cane.
Watahomigie, Lucille J. 1982 Hualapai Ethnobotany. Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8 (p. 55)

Agave sp.
Mescal Agave; Agavaceae
Hualapai Food (Winter Use Food)
Plant stored for winter use.
Watahomigie, Lucille J. 1982 Hualapai Ethnobotany. Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8 (p. 55)

Agave sp.
Mescal; Agavaceae
Navajo Food (Beverage)
Juice squeezed from baked fibers and drunk.
Brugge, David M. 1965 Navajo Use of Agave. Kiva 31(2):88-98 (p. 94)

Agave sp.
Mescal; Agavaceae
Navajo Food (Dried Food)
Heads baked or boiled, pounded into flat sheets, sun dried and stored for future use.
Brugge, David M. 1965 Navajo Use of Agave. Kiva 31(2):88-98 (p. 94)

Agave sp.
Mescal; Agavaceae
Navajo Food (Porridge)
Dried, baked heads boiled and made into a "paste."
Brugge, David M. 1965 Navajo Use of Agave. Kiva 31(2):88-98 (p. 94)

Agave sp.
Mescal; Agavaceae
Navajo Food (Soup)
Dried, baked heads boiled and made into soup.
Brugge, David M. 1965 Navajo Use of Agave. Kiva 31(2):88-98 (p. 94)

Agave sp.
Mescal; Agavaceae
Navajo Food (Unspecified)
Heads baked and eaten.
Brugge, David M. 1965 Navajo Use of Agave. Kiva 31(2):88-98 (p. 94)

Agave sp.
Mescal; Agavaceae
Navajo Food (Unspecified)
Leaves boiled and eaten.
Brugge, David M. 1965 Navajo Use of Agave. Kiva 31(2):88-98 (p. 94)

Agave sp.
Mescal; Agavaceae
Navajo Food (Unspecified)
Young and tender flowering stalks and shoots roasted and eaten.
Brugge, David M. 1965 Navajo Use of Agave. Kiva 31(2):88-98 (p. 94)

Agave sp.
Mescal; Agavaceae
Yavapai Food (Beverage)
Leaf stubs and heads pounded to express juice and used as a drink.
Gifford, E. W. 1936 Northeastern and Western Yavapai. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345 (p. 259)

Agave sp.
Mescal; Agavaceae
Yavapai Food (Dried Food)
Pounded, cooked, dried meaty centers of leaves stored in houses for later use.
Gifford, E. W. 1936 Northeastern and Western Yavapai. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345 (p. 260)

Agave sp.
Mescal; Agavaceae
Yavapai Food (Unspecified)
Flower stalk baked and soft, inner part used for food.
Gifford, E. W. 1936 Northeastern and Western Yavapai. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345 (p. 259)

Agave sp.
Mescal Agave; Agavaceae
Hualapai Fiber (Clothing)
Cut, split leaves used to make sandals.
Watahomigie, Lucille J. 1982 Hualapai Ethnobotany. Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8 (p. 55)

Agave sp.
Mescal Agave; Agavaceae
Hualapai Fiber (Cordage)
Cut, split leaves used to make rope.
Watahomigie, Lucille J. 1982 Hualapai Ethnobotany. Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8 (p. 55)

Agave sp.
Mescal Agave; Agavaceae
Hualapai Fiber (Mats, Rugs & Bedding)
Cut, split leaves used to make cradle mats.
Watahomigie, Lucille J. 1982 Hualapai Ethnobotany. Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8 (p. 55)

Agave sp.
Mescal; Agavaceae
Navajo Fiber (Cordage)
Plant fibers used to make rope.
Brugge, David M. 1965 Navajo Use of Agave. Kiva 31(2):88-98 (p. 94)

Agave sp.
Mescal; Agavaceae
Yavapai Fiber (Brushes & Brooms)
Grass stem brush used to transfer excess mescal juice from dish to slab.
Gifford, E. W. 1936 Northeastern and Western Yavapai. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345 (p. 259)

Agave sp.
Mescal; Agavaceae
Havasupai Other (Cash Crop)
Leaves and young buds baked and traded with the Hopi.
Whiting, Alfred F. 1939 Ethnobotany of the Hopi. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15 (p. 71)

Agave sp.
Mescal; Agavaceae
Havasupai Other (Ceremonial Items)
Stalk and fiber used to make ceremonial equipment.
Whiting, Alfred F. 1939 Ethnobotany of the Hopi. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15 (p. 71)

Agave sp.
Mescal Agave; Agavaceae
Hualapai Other (Containers)
Crushed fibers used as an ingredient in pottery making.
Watahomigie, Lucille J. 1982 Hualapai Ethnobotany. Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8 (p. 55)

Agave sp.
Mescal; Agavaceae
Navajo Other (Cooking Tools)
Leaves used to line the baking pits.
Brugge, David M. 1965 Navajo Use of Agave. Kiva 31(2):88-98 (p. 91)

Agave sp.
Mescal; Agavaceae
Navajo Other (Tools)
Sharp pointed leaf tips used to make basketry awls.
Brugge, David M. 1965 Navajo Use of Agave. Kiva 31(2):88-98 (p. 94)

Agave utahensis Engelm.
Utah Agave; Agavaceae
Havasupai Food (Beverage)
Plant used to make a drink.
Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman 1985 Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture. Tucson. The University of Arizona Press (p. 66)

Agave utahensis Engelm.
Utah Agave; Agavaceae
Havasupai Fiber (Brushes & Brooms)
Used to make brushes for the hair and for cleaning grinding stones.
Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman 1985 Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture. Tucson. The University of Arizona Press (p. 212)

Agave utahensis Engelm.
Utah Agave; Agavaceae
Navajo Fiber (Mats, Rugs & Bedding)
Fibers used to make blankets.
Elmore, Francis H. 1944 Ethnobotany of the Navajo. Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research (p. 37)

Agave utahensis Engelm.
Utah Agave; Agavaceae
Havasupai Other (Cooking Tools)
Used to make spoons for thin drinks.
Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman 1985 Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture. Tucson. The University of Arizona Press (p. 212)

Cordyline fruticosa (L.) Chev.
Tiplant; Agavaceae
Hawaiian Drug (Febrifuge)
Leaves applied to the head, chest and abdomen for dry fevers.
Akana, Akaiko 1922 Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value. Honolulu: Pacific Book House (p. 49)

Cordyline fruticosa (L.) Chev.
Tiplant; Agavaceae
Hawaiian Drug (Nose Medicine)
Flowers and other plants pounded and resulting liquid fumes inhaled for nose growths.
Akana, Akaiko 1922 Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value. Honolulu: Pacific Book House (p. 49)

Cordyline fruticosa (L.) Chev.
Tiplant; Agavaceae
Hawaiian Drug (Pulmonary Aid)
Leaves, shoots and other plants mixed with water and taken for chest congestion from tough phlegm.
Akana, Akaiko 1922 Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value. Honolulu: Pacific Book House (p. 49)

Cordyline fruticosa (L.) Chev.
Tiplant; Agavaceae
Hawaiian Drug (Respiratory Aid)
Flowers and other plants pounded, resulting liquid mixed with potato or poi and eaten for asthma.
Akana, Akaiko 1922 Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value. Honolulu: Pacific Book House (p. 49)

Cordyline fruticosa (L.) Chev.
Tiplant; Agavaceae
Hawaiian Drug (Sedative)
Leaves made into a wreath and worn to provide a restful condition of the nerves and body.
Akana, Akaiko 1922 Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value. Honolulu: Pacific Book House (p. 49)

Cordyline fruticosa (L.) Chev.
Tiplant; Agavaceae
Hawaiian Food (Beverage)
Roots fermented into a very powerful alcohol.
Akana, Akaiko 1922 Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value. Honolulu: Pacific Book House (p. 49)

Cordyline fruticosa (L.) Chev.
Tiplant; Agavaceae
Hawaiian Food (Unspecified)
Roots cooked and used for food.
Akana, Akaiko 1922 Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value. Honolulu: Pacific Book House (p. 49)

Cordyline fruticosa (L.) Chev.
Tiplant; Agavaceae
Hawaiian Food (Unspecified)
Roots pit baked and eaten.
Malo, David 1903 Hawaiian Antiquities. Honolulu. Hawaiian Gazette Co., Ltd. (p. 68)

Cordyline fruticosa (L.) Chev.
Tiplant; Agavaceae
Hawaiian Other (Containers)
Leaves used for underground oven covers or as containers for cooking fish or pork.
Akana, Akaiko 1922 Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value. Honolulu: Pacific Book House (p. 49)

Cordyline fruticosa (L.) Chev.
Tiplant; Agavaceae
Hawaiian Other (Hunting & Fishing Item)
Leaves used for fishing drags.
Akana, Akaiko 1922 Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value. Honolulu: Pacific Book House (p. 49)

Dasylirion durangensis
; Agavaceae
Tarahumara Drug (Ceremonial Medicine)
Used in the annual ceremonial curing of animals and fields from sickness and lightning.
Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter 1941 Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest. University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74 (p. 60)

Dasylirion texanum Scheele
Texas Sotol; Agavaceae
Southwest Indians Food (Bread & Cake)
Crowns pit-baked, dried, pounded into flour and made into cakes.
Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter 1941 Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest. University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74 (p. 57)

Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.
Common Sotol; Agavaceae
Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Food (Beverage)
Crowns pit-baked, removed, peeled, crushed, mixed with water, fermented and used as a beverage.
Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler 1936 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63 (p. 52)

Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.
Common Sotol; Agavaceae
Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Food (Bread & Cake)
Crowns baked in pits, stripped, pounded to a pulp, spread out to dry and eaten like cake.
Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler 1936 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63 (p. 38)

Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.
Common Sotol; Agavaceae
Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Food (Unspecified)
Stalks roasted, boiled or eaten raw.
Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler 1936 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63 (p. 38)

Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.
Common Sotol; Agavaceae
Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Food (Vegetable)
Stalks boiled, dried and stored to be used as vegetables.
Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler 1936 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63 (p. 38)

Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.
Common Sotol; Agavaceae
Apache, Mescalero Food (Beverage)
Pounded and used as a drink.
Basehart, Harry W. 1974 Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization. New York. Garland Publishing Inc. (p. 41)

Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.
Common Sotol; Agavaceae
Apache, Mescalero Food (Bread & Cake)
Plants pit cooked, formed into cakes, dried and used for food.
Basehart, Harry W. 1974 Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization. New York. Garland Publishing Inc. (p. 41)

Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.
Common Sotol; Agavaceae
Apache, Mescalero Food (Dried Food)
Crowns baked, pounded and dried for winter use.
Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter 1941 Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest. University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74 (p. 58)

Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.
Common Sotol; Agavaceae
Apache, Mescalero Food (Soup)
Head hearts cooked with bones to make soup.
Basehart, Harry W. 1974 Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization. New York. Garland Publishing Inc. (p. 41)

Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.
Common Sotol; Agavaceae
Apache, Mescalero Food (Unspecified)
Fresh, young stalks used for food.
Basehart, Harry W. 1974 Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization. New York. Garland Publishing Inc. (p. 41)

Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.
Common Sotol; Agavaceae
Papago Food (Vegetable)
Crowns with leaves removed and central flowering stalks eaten as greens in May.
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84 (p. 14)

Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.
Common Sotol; Agavaceae
Papago Food (Vegetable)
Flower stalks eaten as greens.
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84 (p. 16)

Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.
Common Sotol; Agavaceae
Papago Food (Vegetable)
Flower stalks roasted in ashes and eaten as greens.
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84 (p. 46)

Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.
Common Sotol; Agavaceae
Southwest Indians Food (Bread & Cake)
Crowns pit-baked, dried, pounded into flour and made into cakes.
Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter 1941 Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest. University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74 (p. 57)

Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.
Common Sotol; Agavaceae
Apache, Mescalero Fiber (Furniture)
Stalks used as cross pieces for cradleboard backs.
Basehart, Harry W. 1974 Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization. New York. Garland Publishing Inc. (p. 41)

Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.
Common Sotol; Agavaceae
Papago Fiber (Basketry)
Used as a source of basketry material.
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84 (p. 16)

Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.
Common Sotol; Agavaceae
Papago Fiber (Basketry)
Used to make two kinds of baskets.
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84 (p. 55)

Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.
Common Sotol; Agavaceae
Papago Fiber (Basketry)
Leaves used as foundation in coiled basketry.
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84 (p. 57)

Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.
Common Sotol; Agavaceae
Papago Fiber (Clothing)
Used to make headbands and headrings.
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84 (p. 55)

Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.
Common Sotol; Agavaceae
Papago Fiber (Mats, Rugs & Bedding)
Leaves twilled into mats.
Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter 1941 Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest. University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74 (p. 60)

Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.
Common Sotol; Agavaceae
Papago Fiber (Mats, Rugs & Bedding)
Used to make large, tough sleeping mats, cradle mats and back mats for the carrying frame.
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84 (p. 55)

Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.
Common Sotol; Agavaceae
Pima Fiber (Mats, Rugs & Bedding)
Leaves twilled into mats.
Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter 1941 Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest. University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74 (p. 60)

Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.
Common Sotol; Agavaceae
Apache, Mescalero Other (Ceremonial Items)
Stalks used in the head dress of Mountain Spirit dancers.
Basehart, Harry W. 1974 Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization. New York. Garland Publishing Inc. (p. 41)

Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.
Common Sotol; Agavaceae
Apache, Mescalero Other (Smoking Tools)
Stalks and leaf base tissues used to make cigarette papers.
Basehart, Harry W. 1974 Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization. New York. Garland Publishing Inc. (p. 41)

Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.
Common Sotol; Agavaceae
Apache, Mescalero Other (Tools)
Stalks dried, split, drilled to make small holes and used as fire drill hearths.
Basehart, Harry W. 1974 Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization. New York. Garland Publishing Inc. (p. 41)

Manfreda virginica (L.) Salisb. ex Rose
False Aloe; Agavaceae
Catawba Drug (Kidney Aid)
Infusion of pounded roots taken and used externally for dropsy.
Speck, Frank G. 1937 Catawba Medicines and Curative Practices. Publications of the Philadelphia Anthropological Society 1:179-197 (p. 191)

Manfreda virginica (L.) Salisb. ex Rose
False Aloe; Agavaceae
Catawba Drug (Kidney Aid)
Infusion of pounded roots taken and used as a wash for dropsy.
Taylor, Linda Averill 1940 Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes. Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University (p. 10)

Manfreda virginica (L.) Salisb. ex Rose
False Aloe; Agavaceae
Catawba Drug (Snake Bite Remedy)
Infusion of roots taken and used externally for snakebite.
Speck, Frank G. 1937 Catawba Medicines and Curative Practices. Publications of the Philadelphia Anthropological Society 1:179-197 (p. 191)

Manfreda virginica (L.) Salisb. ex Rose
False Aloe; Agavaceae
Catawba Drug (Snake Bite Remedy)
Infusion of roots taken and used as a wash for snakebites.
Taylor, Linda Averill 1940 Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes. Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University (p. 10)

Manfreda virginica (L.) Salisb. ex Rose
False Aloe; Agavaceae
Cherokee Drug (Anthelmintic)
Root chewed for worms.
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey 1975 Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History. Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co. (p. 23)

Manfreda virginica (L.) Salisb. ex Rose
False Aloe; Agavaceae
Cherokee Drug (Antidiarrheal)
Root chewed for diarrhea.
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey 1975 Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History. Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co. (p. 23)

Manfreda virginica (L.) Salisb. ex Rose
False Aloe; Agavaceae
Cherokee Drug (Antidiarrheal)
Root, a very strong medicine, chewed for persistent diarrhea.
Witthoft, John 1947 An Early Cherokee Ethnobotanical Note. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 37(3):73-75 (p. 74)

Manfreda virginica (L.) Salisb. ex Rose
False Aloe; Agavaceae
Cherokee Drug (Liver Aid)
Root chewed for the liver.
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey 1975 Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History. Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co. (p. 23)

Manfreda virginica (L.) Salisb. ex Rose
False Aloe; Agavaceae
Creek Drug (Snake Bite Remedy)
Decoction of root in sweet milk taken or used as wash for rattlesnake bite.
Campbell, T.N. 1951 Medicinal Plants Used by Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Creek Indians in the Early Nineteenth Century. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41(9):285-290 (p. 289)

Manfreda virginica (L.) Salisb. ex Rose
False Aloe; Agavaceae
Creek Drug (Snake Bite Remedy)
Root chewed and swallowed or used externally for rattlesnake bite.
Campbell, T.N. 1951 Medicinal Plants Used by Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Creek Indians in the Early Nineteenth Century. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41(9):285-290 (p. 289)

Manfreda virginica (L.) Salisb. ex Rose
False Aloe; Agavaceae
Seminole Drug (Snake Bite Remedy)
Plant used for snakebites.
Sturtevant, William 1954 The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices. Yale University, PhD Thesis (p. 297)

Nolina bigelovii (Torr.) S. Wats.
Bigelow's Nolina; Agavaceae
Cahuilla Food (Unspecified)
Stalk baked in a rock lined roasting pit and eaten.
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel 1972 Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants. Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press (p. 94)

Nolina bigelovii (Torr.) S. Wats.
Bigelow's Nolina; Agavaceae
Papago Fiber (Basketry)
Bleached or green grass used for basketry.
Murphey, Edith Van Allen 1990 Indian Uses of Native Plants. Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks. Originally published in 1959 (p. 9)

Nolina parryi S. Wats.
Parry's Nolina; Agavaceae
Hualapai Food (Fruit)
Fruit used for food.
Watahomigie, Lucille J. 1982 Hualapai Ethnobotany. Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8 (p. 26)

Nolina parryi S. Wats.
Parry's Nolina; Agavaceae
Tubatulabal Food (Unspecified)
Stalks used for food.
Voegelin, Ermine W. 1938 Tubatulabal Ethnography. Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84 (p. 15)

Nolina parryi S. Wats.
Parry's Nolina; Agavaceae
Hualapai Fiber (Basketry)
Used to make coil baskets.
Watahomigie, Lucille J. 1982 Hualapai Ethnobotany. Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8 (p. 26)

Nolina erumpens (Torr.) S. Wats.
Foothill Beargrass; Agavaceae
Papago Fiber (Basketry)
Leaves sun dried, split into strands and used as foundation in coiled basketry.
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84 (p. 57)

Nolina erumpens (Torr.) S. Wats.
Foothill Beargrass; Agavaceae
Papago Fiber (Basketry)
Used as the warp element of baskets.
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84 (p. 59)

Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.
Sacahuista; Agavaceae
Isleta Drug (Antirheumatic (Internal))
Decoction of root taken for rheumatism.
Jones, Volney H. 1931 The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians. University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis (p. 35)

Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.
Sacahuista; Agavaceae
Isleta Drug (Pulmonary Aid)
Decoction of root taken for pneumonia and lung hemorrhages.
Jones, Volney H. 1931 The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians. University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis (p. 35)

Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.
Sacahuista; Agavaceae
Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Food (Unspecified)
Stalks roasted, boiled or eaten raw.
Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler 1936 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63 (p. 38)

Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.
Sacahuista; Agavaceae
Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Food (Vegetable)
Stalks boiled, dried and stored to be used as vegetables.
Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler 1936 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63 (p. 38)

Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.
Sacahuista; Agavaceae
Apache, Western Food (Unspecified)
Young stalks placed in fire, peeled and eaten.
Buskirk, Winfred 1986 The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950. Norman. University of Oklahoma Press (p. 183)

Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.
Sacahuista; Agavaceae
Isleta Food (Bread & Cake)
Seeds made into a meal and used to make bread.
Castetter, Edward F. 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44 (p. 22)

Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.
Sacahuista; Agavaceae
Isleta Food (Fruit)
Fruit eaten fresh.
Jones, Volney H. 1931 The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians. University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis (p. 35)

Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.
Sacahuista; Agavaceae
Isleta Food (Porridge)
Seeds made into a meal and used to make mush.
Castetter, Edward F. 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44 (p. 22)

Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.
Sacahuista; Agavaceae
Isleta Food (Preserves)
Fruit eaten preserved.
Jones, Volney H. 1931 The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians. University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis (p. 35)

Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.
Sacahuista; Agavaceae
Isleta Food (Staple)
Seeds used to make flour.
Jones, Volney H. 1931 The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians. University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis (p. 35)

Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.
Sacahuista; Agavaceae
Navajo Dye (Unspecified)
Plant used to make a dye for blankets.
Jones, Volney H. 1931 The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians. University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis (p. 35)

Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.
Sacahuista; Agavaceae
Keres, Western Fiber (Basketry)
Plant used to make baskets.
Swank, George R. 1932 The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians. University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis (p. 55)

Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.
Sacahuista; Agavaceae
Keres, Western Fiber (Mats, Rugs & Bedding)
Plant used to make mats.
Swank, George R. 1932 The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians. University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis (p. 55)

Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.
Sacahuista; Agavaceae
Apache, Mescalero Fiber (Mats, Rugs & Bedding)
Grass used as tipi ground covering.
Basehart, Harry W. 1974 Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization. New York. Garland Publishing Inc. (p. 51)

Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.
Sacahuista; Agavaceae
Apache, Western Fiber (Building Material)
Grass used as a thatching material for wickiup or ramada.
Buskirk, Winfred 1986 The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950. Norman. University of Oklahoma Press (p. 183)

Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.
Sacahuista; Agavaceae
Havasupai Fiber (Building Material)
Leaves used for thatch.
Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman 1985 Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture. Tucson. The University of Arizona Press (p. 212)

Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.
Sacahuista; Agavaceae
Havasupai Fiber (Mats, Rugs & Bedding)
Leaves woven into a coarse mat and used for drying mescal.
Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman 1985 Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture. Tucson. The University of Arizona Press (p. 212)

Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.
Sacahuista; Agavaceae
Isleta Fiber (Basketry)
Leaf fibers formerly used in basketry.
Jones, Volney H. 1931 The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians. University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis (p. 35)

Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.
Sacahuista; Agavaceae
Isleta Fiber (Brushes & Brooms)
Leaf fibers used to make brushes.
Jones, Volney H. 1931 The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians. University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis (p. 35)

Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.
Sacahuista; Agavaceae
Isleta Fiber (Cordage)
Leaf fibers used to make cords, ropes and whips.
Jones, Volney H. 1931 The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians. University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis (p. 35)

Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.
Sacahuista; Agavaceae
Jemez Fiber (Basketry)
Leaves used to make baskets for storage and washing of grains.
Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter 1941 Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest. University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74 (p. 34)

Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.
Sacahuista; Agavaceae
Jemez Fiber (Basketry)
Leaves woven together into baskets.
Cook, Sarah Louise 1930 The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians.. University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis (p. 25)

Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.
Sacahuista; Agavaceae
Keresan Fiber (Basketry)
Used to make baskets.
White, Leslie A 1945 Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres. Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568 (p. 559)

Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.
Sacahuista; Agavaceae
Papago Fiber (Basketry)
Grass used as the foundation in coiled basketry.
Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter 1941 Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest. University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74 (p. 34)

Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.
Sacahuista; Agavaceae
Papago Fiber (Basketry)
Leaves dried, split and made into baskets.
Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter 1941 Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest. University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74 (p. 62)

Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.
Sacahuista; Agavaceae
Pima Fiber (Basketry)
Leaves used to fashion coils for storage baskets.
Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter 1941 Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest. University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74 (p. 62)

Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.
Sacahuista; Agavaceae
Southwest Indians Fiber (Basketry)
Beargrass used to make basketry.
Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter 1941 Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest. University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74 (p. 61)

Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.
Sacahuista; Agavaceae
Southwest Indians Fiber (Basketry)
Made into baskets and used for storage containers.
Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter 1941 Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest. University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74 (p. 61)

Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.
Sacahuista; Agavaceae
Southwest Indians Fiber (Basketry)
Leaves used as foundation element in coiled basketry.
Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter 1941 Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest. University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74 (p. 61)

Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.
Sacahuista; Agavaceae
Southwest Indians Fiber (Cordage)
Leaves used as tying material.
Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter 1941 Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest. University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74 (p. 61)

Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.
Sacahuista; Agavaceae
Southwest Indians Fiber (Mats, Rugs & Bedding)
Used to make matting to cover the dead.
Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter 1941 Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest. University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74 (p. 61)

Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.
Sacahuista; Agavaceae
Yavapai Fiber (Building Material)
Leaves used to thatch dwellings.
Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter 1941 Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest. University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74 (p. 62)

Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.
Sacahuista; Agavaceae
Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Other (Containers)
Moist grass laid onto hot stones to prevent steam from escaping.
Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler 1936 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63 (p. 36)

Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.
Sacahuista; Agavaceae
Apache, Mescalero Other (Cooking Tools)
Grass woven into trays and used for processing datil and mescal.
Basehart, Harry W. 1974 Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization. New York. Garland Publishing Inc. (p. 51)

Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.
Sacahuista; Agavaceae
Apache, Western Other (Cooking Tools)
Dried leaves fashioned into spoons.
Buskirk, Winfred 1986 The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950. Norman. University of Oklahoma Press (p. 183)

Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.
Sacahuista; Agavaceae
Apache, Western Other (Protection)
Grass used as wrapping material for foods to be transported or stored.
Buskirk, Winfred 1986 The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950. Norman. University of Oklahoma Press (p. 183)

Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.
Sacahuista; Agavaceae
Apache, Western Other (Soap)
Roots used as soap.
Buskirk, Winfred 1986 The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950. Norman. University of Oklahoma Press (p. 182)

Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.
Sacahuista; Agavaceae
Havasupai Other (Cooking Tools)
Lower stalks split open to form an alternative base for drying mescal.
Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman 1985 Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture. Tucson. The University of Arizona Press (p. 212)

Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.
Sacahuista; Agavaceae
Isleta Other (Ceremonial Items)
Seeds used in dried gourd shells to make ceremonial rattles.
Jones, Volney H. 1931 The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians. University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis (p. 35)

Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.
Sacahuista; Agavaceae
Isleta Other (Stable Gear)
Leaf fibers used to make brushes, cords, ropes and whips.
Jones, Volney H. 1931 The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians. University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis (p. 35)

Nolina sp.
Beargrass; Agavaceae
Hualapai Fiber (Building Material)
Used for tying and thatching houses.
Watahomigie, Lucille J. 1982 Hualapai Ethnobotany. Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8 (p. 51)

Nolina sp.
Beargrass; Agavaceae
Southwest Indians Fiber (Basketry)
Leaves used for making coarse forms of basketry.
Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter 1941 Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest. University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74 (p. 60)

Nolina sp.
Beargrass; Agavaceae
Southwest Indians Fiber (Mats, Rugs & Bedding)
Grass made into mats and used in cradles.
Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter 1941 Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest. University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74 (p. 48)

Nolina sp.
; Agavaceae
Apache, Western Other (Soap)
Crowns and bases of leaves pounded together and mixed with water to make soap.
Buskirk, Winfred 1986 The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950. Norman. University of Oklahoma Press (p. 183)

Nolina sp.
Beargrass; Agavaceae
Hualapai Other (Hunting & Fishing Item)
Used to make snares.
Watahomigie, Lucille J. 1982 Hualapai Ethnobotany. Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8 (p. 51)

Pleomele aurea (Mann) N.E. Br.
Golden Hala Pepe; Agavaceae
Hawaiian Drug (Febrifuge)
Buds, bark, root bark and other plants pounded and resulting liquid taken for chills and high fever.
Akana, Akaiko 1922 Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value. Honolulu: Pacific Book House (p. 42)

Pleomele aurea (Mann) N.E. Br.
Golden Hala Pepe; Agavaceae
Hawaiian Drug (Pulmonary Aid)
Leaves, bark, root bark and other plants pounded and resulting liquid taken for lung troubles.
Akana, Akaiko 1922 Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value. Honolulu: Pacific Book House (p. 42)

Pleomele aurea (Mann) N.E. Br.
Golden Hala Pepe; Agavaceae
Hawaiian Drug (Respiratory Aid)
Leaves, bark, root bark and other plants pounded and resulting liquid taken for asthma.
Akana, Akaiko 1922 Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value. Honolulu: Pacific Book House (p. 42)

Yucca aloifolia L.
Aloe Yucca; Agavaceae
Choctaw Drug (Dermatological Aid)
Boiled mashed root with grease or tallow used as salve for various purposes.
Bushnell, Jr., David I. 1909 The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana. SI-BAE Bulletin #48 (p. 24)

Yucca aloifolia L.
Aloe Yucca; Agavaceae
Choctaw Drug (Unspecified)
Decoction of roots used as a salve for various purposes.
Taylor, Linda Averill 1940 Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes. Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University (p. 9)

Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.
Narrowleaf Yucca; Agavaceae
Apache Drug (Snake Bite Remedy)
Emulsion used in cases of snake or insect bites.
Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter 1941 Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest. University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74 (p. 51)

Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.
Narrowleaf Yucca; Agavaceae
Hopi Drug (Ceremonial Medicine)
Crushed root used in purification ceremony.
Whiting, Alfred F. 1939 Ethnobotany of the Hopi. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15 (p. 71)

Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.
Narrowleaf Yucca; Agavaceae
Hopi Drug (Dermatological Aid)
Crushed root used as shampoo for baldness.
Whiting, Alfred F. 1939 Ethnobotany of the Hopi. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15 (p. 71)

Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.
Narrowleaf Yucca; Agavaceae
Hopi Drug (Disinfectant)
Crushed root used in purification ceremony.
Whiting, Alfred F. 1939 Ethnobotany of the Hopi. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15 (p. 71)

Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.
Narrowleaf Yucca; Agavaceae
Hopi Drug (Laxative)
Root used as a strong laxative.
Whiting, Alfred F. 1939 Ethnobotany of the Hopi. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15 (p. 34, 71)

Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.
Narrowleaf Yucca; Agavaceae
Hopi Food (Fruit)
Fruit sometimes used for food.
Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter 1941 Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest. University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74 (p. 64)

Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.
Narrowleaf Yucca; Agavaceae
Hopi Food (Fruit)
Fruits pit baked with lambsquarter leaves and eaten with corn dumplings in salted water.
Nequatewa, Edmund 1943 Some Hopi Recipes for the Preparation of Wild Plant Foods. Plateau 18:18-20 (p. 18)

Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.
Narrowleaf Yucca; Agavaceae
Southwest Indians Food (Starvation Food)
Used when agricultural reserves dwindled.
Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter 1941 Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest. University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74 (p. 10)

Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.
Narrowleaf Yucca; Agavaceae
Apache Fiber (Cordage)
Leaves split and used as string.
Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter 1941 Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest. University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74 (p. 40)

Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.
Narrowleaf Yucca; Agavaceae
Hopi Fiber (Basketry)
Leaves used in many types of basketry.
Whiting, Alfred F. 1939 Ethnobotany of the Hopi. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15 (p. 71)

Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.
Narrowleaf Yucca; Agavaceae
Hopi Fiber (Brushes & Brooms)
Leaf splints used as brushes to apply color to pottery.
Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter 1941 Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest. University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74 (p. 50)

Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.
Narrowleaf Yucca; Agavaceae
Hopi Fiber (Sewing Material)
Narrow, split leaf strips used as sewing material for coiled plaques.
Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter 1941 Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest. University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74 (p. 33)

Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.
Narrowleaf Yucca; Agavaceae
Southwest Indians Fiber (Cordage)
Leaves used to make strings.
Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter 1941 Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest. University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74 (p. 37)

Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.
Narrowleaf Yucca; Agavaceae
Apache Other (Soap)
Roots pounded and placed in water to form suds used in bathing and shampooing.
Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter 1941 Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest. University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74 (p. 57)

Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.
Narrowleaf Yucca; Agavaceae
Havasupai Other (Fasteners)
Leaves used to tie or repair holes in sacking.
Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman 1985 Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture. Tucson. The University of Arizona Press (p. 213)

Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.
Narrowleaf Yucca; Agavaceae
Havasupai Other (Toys & Games)
Leaves used as tally sticks to keep track of scores in the hidden ball game.
Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman 1985 Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture. Tucson. The University of Arizona Press (p. 213)

Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.
Narrowleaf Yucca; Agavaceae
Hopi Other (Ceremonial Items)
Roots crushed to make soap, used ceremonially as a purification rite & suds associated with clouds.
Whiting, Alfred F. 1939 Ethnobotany of the Hopi. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15 (p. 71)

Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.
Narrowleaf Yucca; Agavaceae
Hopi Other (Ceremonial Items)
Used as a whip during ceremonies.
Whiting, Alfred F. 1939 Ethnobotany of the Hopi. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15 (p. 71)

Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.
Narrowleaf Yucca; Agavaceae
Hopi Other (Decorations)
Shredded leaves used to make the packing for the spirals of a plaque.
Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter 1941 Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest. University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74 (p. 34)

Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.
Narrowleaf Yucca; Agavaceae
Hopi Other (Paint)
Juice used as a varnish on certain kachinas.
Whiting, Alfred F. 1939 Ethnobotany of the Hopi. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15 (p. 71)

Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.
Narrowleaf Yucca; Agavaceae
Hopi Other (Soap)
Roots crushed with stones and used as soap.
Whiting, Alfred F. 1939 Ethnobotany of the Hopi. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15 (p. 71)

Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.
Narrowleaf Yucca; Agavaceae
Southwest Indians Other (Ceremonial Items)
Roots made into suds and used during marriage ceremonies.
Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter 1941 Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest. University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74 (p. 55)

Yucca baccata Torr.
Banana Yucca; Agavaceae
Keresan Drug (Dermatological Aid)
Used for washing hair.
White, Leslie A 1945 Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres. Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568 (p. 564)

Yucca baccata Torr.
Banana Yucca; Agavaceae
Navajo Drug (Antiemetic)
Infusion of pulverized leaves taken for vomiting.
Elmore, Francis H. 1944 Ethnobotany of the Navajo. Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research (p. 32)

Yucca baccata Torr.
Banana Yucca; Agavaceae
Navajo Drug (Gastrointestinal Aid)
Plant used for heartburn.
Elmore, Francis H. 1944 Ethnobotany of the Navajo. Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research (p. 32)

Yucca baccata Torr.
Banana Yucca; Agavaceae
Navajo, Ramah Drug (Ceremonial Medicine)
Suds made from root used for ceremonial purification baths.
Vestal, Paul A. 1952 The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94 (p. 21)

Yucca baccata Torr.
Banana Yucca; Agavaceae
Navajo, Ramah Drug (Gynecological Aid)
Juice used to lubricate midwife's hand while removing retained placenta.
Vestal, Paul A. 1952 The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94 (p. 21)

Yucca baccata Torr.
Banana Yucca; Agavaceae
Pima Drug (Cathartic)
Fruits eaten raw as a cathartic.
Russell, Frank 1908 The Pima Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390 (p. 72)

Yucca baccata Torr.
Banana Yucca; Agavaceae
Tewa Drug (Ceremonial Medicine)
Infusion of root used as a wash in adoption and name-giving ceremonies.
Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco 1916 Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians. SI-BAE Bulletin #55 (p. 49, 50)

Yucca baccata Torr.
Banana Yucca; Agavaceae
Tewa Drug (Emetic)
Unspecified plant part chewed as ritual emetic.
Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco 1916 Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians. SI-BAE Bulletin #55 (p. 49, 50)

Yucca baccata Torr.
Banana Yucca; Agavaceae
Tewa Drug (Gynecological Aid)
Fruit eaten to promote easy childbirth.
Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco 1916 Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians. SI-BAE Bulletin #55 (p. 49, 50)

Yucca baccata Torr.
Banana Yucca; Agavaceae
Acoma Food (Beverage)
Dried fruits dissolved in water to make a drink.
Castetter, Edward F. 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44 (p. 54)

Yucca baccata Torr.
Banana Yucca; Agavaceae
Acoma Food (Bread & Cake)
Fruits baked, boiled, dried, rolled into loaves and stored for winter use.
Castetter, Edward F. 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44 (p. 54)

Yucca baccata Torr.
Banana Yucca; Agavaceae
Acoma Food (Dried Food)
Fruits sun dried and stored for winter use.
Castetter, Edward F. 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44 (p. 55)

Yucca baccata Torr.
Banana Yucca; Agavaceae
Acoma Food (Fruit)
Fruits eaten raw, boiled or baked.
Castetter, Edward F. 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44 (p. 55)

Yucca baccata Torr.
Banana Yucca; Agavaceae
Acoma Food (Preserves)
Dried fruits eaten as a paste.
Castetter, Edward F. 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44 (p. 54)

Yucca baccata Torr.
Banana Yucca; Agavaceae
Acoma Food (Sauce & Relish)
Dried fruits dissolved in water and used as a dip.
Castetter, Edward F. 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44 (p. 54)

Yucca baccata Torr.
Banana Yucca; Agavaceae
Acoma Food (Starvation Food)
Tender crowns roasted and eaten in times of food shortages.
Castetter, Edward F. 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44 (p. 55)

Yucca baccata Torr.
Banana Yucca; Agavaceae
Keres, Western Food (Fruit)
Fruit eaten when thoroughly ripe.
Swank, George R. 1932 The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians. University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis (p. 74)

Yucca baccata Torr.
Banana Yucca; Agavaceae
Keres, Western Food (Sauce & Relish)
Soaked, cooked fruit made into a syrup and used as hot chocolate.
Swank, George R. 1932 The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians. University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis (p. 74)

Yucca baccata Torr.
Banana Yucca; Agavaceae
Keres, Western Food (Winter Use Food)
Cooked, dried fruit stored for winter use.
Swank, George R. 1932 The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians. University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis (p. 74)

Yucca baccata Torr.
Banana Yucca; Agavaceae
Apache Food (Beverage)
Baked fruit pounded to a pulp, drained and juice drunk.
Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter 1941 Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest. University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74 (p. 18)

Yucca baccata Torr.
Banana Yucca; Agavaceae
Apache Food (Bread & Cake)
Fruit roasted, pulp made into cakes and stored.
Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter 1941 Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest. University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74 (p. 18)