| GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS AND FAMLIES |
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SPORES DEVELOPING INTO FLAT OR IRREGULAR PROTHALLA, WHICH BEAR THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS (ANTHERIDA AND ARCHEGONIA) ; FLOWERS AND SEEDS NONE 1. Spores produced in sporanges, which are borne on the back of a leaf, in spikes or panicles, or in special conceptacles.
Order 1.
FILICALES
* Spores all of one sort and size (isoporous famlies). † Vernation erect or inclined ; sporanges in spikes, or panicles, opening by a transverse slit. Fam. 1. Ophioglossaceae †† Vernation coiled ; sporanges reticulated, usually provided with a ring (annulus). Sporanges opening vertically. Sporanges panicled, with a rudimentary ring ; marsh ferns. Fam. 2. Osmundaceae Sporanges sessile on a filiform receptacle ; leaves filmy, translucent. Fam. 3. Hymenophyllaceae Sporanges ovid, in panicles, or spikes, provided with an apical ring. Fam. 4. Schizaeaceae Sporanges opening transversely, provided with a vertical ring, borne in sori on the back or margin of a leaf. Fam. 5. Polypodiaceae ** Spores of two sizes (microspores and macrospores). Plants rooting in the mud ; leaves 4-foliate, or filiform. Fam. 6. Marsileaceae Plants floating ; leaves entire, or 2-lobed. Fam. 7. Salviniaceae 2. Spores produced in sporanges, which are clustered underneath the scales of a terminal cone-like spike ; stems jointed, rush-like. Order 2. EQUESETALES. One family. Fam. 8. Equisetaceae 3. Spores produced in sporanges, which are borne in the axils of scale-like or tubular leaves. Order 3. LYCOPODIALES Spores all of one sort and size. Fam. 9. Lycopodiaceae Spores of two sizes (microspores and macrospores). Leaves scale-like, 4-many-ranked, on branching stems. Fam. 10. Selaginellaceae Leaves tubular, clustered on a corm-like trunk ; aquatic or mud plants. Fam. 11. Isoetaceae Subkingdom SPERMATOPHYTA MICROSPORES (POLLEN-GRAINS) DEVELOPING INTO A TUBULAR PROTHALLIUM (POLLEN-TUBE) ; MACRO-SPORES (EMBRYO-SAC) DEVELOPING A MINUTE PROTHALLIUJM, AND, TOGETHER WITH IT, REMAINING ENCLOSED IN THE MACROSPORANGE (OVULE) WHICH RIPENS INTO A SEED. Class 1. GYMNOSPERMAE. Ovules not enclosed in an ovary. Fruit a cone, with several or numerous scales, sometimes berry-like by their cohesion. Fam. 1. Pinaceae Fruit (in our genus) a fleshy integument nearly enclosing the seed. Fam. 2. Taxaceae Class 2. ANGIOSPERMAE. Ovules enclosed in an ovary. Subclass 1. MONOCOTYLEDONES. EMBRYO
WITH 1 COTYLEDON
; STEM WITH NO DISTINCTION INTO PITH, WOOD AND BARK ; LEAVES MOSTLY
PARALLEL-VEINED.
1. Carpels
1, or more, distinct (united, at least partially, in Family 6, Scheuchzeriaceae, where they are
mostly united until maturity, and Family 8, Vallisneriaceae, aquatic herbs,
with monoecious
or dioecious
flowers) ; parts of the flowers mostly unequal in number.* Inflorescence varies, not a true spadix. † Flowers not in the axils of dry chaffy scales (glumes); or species aquatic or marsh plants. †† Endosperm mealy or fleshy ; perianth of bristles or chaffy scales ; flowers monoecious, spicate or capitate. Order 1. PANDANALES Flowers spicate, the spikes terminal. Fam. 1. Typhaceae Flowers capitate, the heads axillary to leaf-like bracts Fam. 2. Sparganiaceae †† Endosperm none, or very little ; perianth corolla-like, or herbaceous, or none. Perianth wanting, or rudimentary. Order 2. NAIADALES Carpels distinct, stigmas disk-like or cup-like. Carpels united, stigmas slender. Flowers axillary ; leaves spinose-dentate. Fam. 4. Naiadaceae Flowers on a spadix ; leaves grass-like. Fam. 5. Zosteraceae Perianth present, of 2 series of parts. Carpels distinct. Order 3. ALISMALES Petals similar to the sepals ; anthers mostly elongated. Fam. 6. Scheuchzeriaceae Petals not similar to the sepals ; anthers short. Fam. 7. Alismaceae Carpels united Order 4. HYDROCHARITALES Ovary 1-celled with parietal placentae. Fam. 8. Valisneriaceae Ovary 6-9 celled. Fam. 9. Hydrocharitaceae †† Flowers in the axils of dry chaffy scales (glumes), arranged in spikes or spikelets. Order 5. GRAMINALES (Glumiflorae) Fruit a caryopsis (grain) ; stems (culms) mostly hollow in our species. Fam. 10. Gramineae Fruit an achene ; stems (culms) solid. Fam. 11. Cyperaceae (Order 6, PALMALES, including only the family Palmaceae, Palms, and Order 7, CYCLANTHALES, including only the family Cyclanthaceae, are not represented in our territory.) ** Inflorescence a fleshy spadix, with or without a spathe ; or plants minute, floating frfee, the flowers few or solitary on the margin or back of the thallus. Order 8. ARALES (Spatheiflorae) Large herbs, with normal foliage and well-developed spadix. Fam. 12. Araceae Minute floating thalloid plants. Fam. 13. Lemnaceae 2. Carpels united into a compound ovary ; parts of the usually complete flowrs mostly in 3's or 6's. * Seeds with endosperm. † Flowers regular, or nearly so (corolla irregular in Comellina and Pontederia). †† Endosperm mealy ; ovary superior. Order 9. XYRIDALES (Farinosae) a. Ovary one-celled Aquatic moss-like leafy herbs, flowers solitary. Fam. 14. Mayacaceae Erect rush-like herbs ; flowrs in terminal scaly heads or spikes. Fam. 15. Xyridaceae Mud or aquatic herbs, the flowrs subtended by spathes (Heteranthera in Pontederiaceae). b. Ovary 2-3 celled (except in some Pontederiaceae) Flowers very small, densely capitate, monoccious or dioccious Fam. 16. Eriocaulaceae Flowers perfect Epiphytes ; leaves scurfy. Fam. 17. Bromeliaceae Terrestrial or aquatic herbs ; leaves not scurfy. Perianth of 2 series of parts, the outer (sepals) green, the inner (http://www.maquah.net/BritBrn/APPENDICES/glossary-p.html#Petal) colored. Fam. 18. Commelinaceae Perianth 6-parted Fam. 19. Pontderiaceae †† Endosperm fleshy or horny ; overary superior or inferior Order 10. LILIALES a. Ovary superior (except in Aletris, in the Lilliaceae, and some specis of Zygadenus in the Melanthaceae) Perianth-segments distinct, green or brown, not petal-like ; herbs with grass-like leaves and small flowers. Fam. 20. Juncaceae Perianth-segments distinct, or partially united, at least the inner petal-like. Fruit a capsule (excet in Yucca baccata, where it is large, fleshy, and indehiscent). Capsule mostly septicidal ; plants rarely bulbous. Fam. 21. Melanthaceae Capsule loculicidal (septicidal in Calochortus) ; plants mostly bulbous. Fam. 22. Liliaceae Fruit a fleshy berry (except in Uvularia of the Convallariaceae). Erect herbs ; tendrils none ; flowers perfect. Leaves basal or alternate. Fam. 23. Convallariaceae Leaves verticillate. Fam. 24. Trilliaceae Vines, climbing by tendrils, or rarely erect, flowers dioecious, in axillary umbels. Fam. 25. Smilaceae a. Ovary inferior, wholly or in part. Stamens 3, opposite the inner corolla-segments. Fam. 26. Haemodoraceae Stamens 6, in our species. Erect perennial herbs ; flowers perfect. Fam. 27. Amaryllidaceae Twining vines ; flowers dioecious. Fam. 28. Dioscoraceae Stamens 3, opposite the outer corolla-segments. Fam. 29. Iridaceae †† Flowers very irregular ; ovary inferior. Order 11. SCITAMINALES One family represented in our territory. Fam. 30. Marantaceae ** Seeds without endosperm, very numerous and minute ; ovary inferior. Order 12. ORCHIDALES (Microspermae) Flowers regular ; stem-leaves reduced to scales. Fam. 31. Burmanniaceae Flowers very irregular. Fam. 32. Orchidaceae Subclass 2. DICOTYLEDONES. EMBRYO
NORMALLY WITH 2 COTYLEDONES
; STEMS MOSTLY DIFFERENTIATED INTO PITH, WOOD AND BARK ; LEAVES MOSTLY
NET-VEINED
Series 1. CHLORIPETALAE Petals distinct to the base, or wanting (exceptions). A. Petals none, except in Portulacaceae and in most Caryophyllaceae, which are herbs with leaves nearly always opposite, the seeds with endosperm, and in the pistillage flowers of the walnuts (Juglans). I. Calyx none (except in the Juglandaceae, which are trees with odd-pinnate leaves). Marsh herbs with perfect flowers in nodding spikes. Order 1. PIPERALES. One family only. Fam. 1. Saururaceae Trees or shrubs ; staminate flowers, and sometimes also the pistillae, in aments. Order 2. JUGLANDALES. One family only. Fam. 2. Juglandaceae Leaves simple. Fruit one-seeded. Order 3. MYRICALES. Ovule erect, orthotropous. Fam. 3. Myricaceae Ovule laterally attached, ascending, amphitropuos. Fam. 4. Leitneriaceae Fruit many-seeded ; seeds with a soft tuft of hairs at one end. Order 4. SALICALES. One family only. Fam. 5. Salicaceae 2. Calyx present * Flowers, at least the staminate ones, in aments. Order 5. FAGALES Both staminate and pistillate flowers in aments. Fam. 6. Betulaceae Pistillate flowers subtended by an involucre, which becomes a bur or cup in fruit. Fam. 7. Fagaceae ** Flowers not in aments (in ament-like spikes in Morus), but variously clustered, rarely solitary. a. Flowers monoecious, diocious or polygamous (sometimes perfect in Ulmus) ; ovary superior, 1-celled Order 6. URTICALES Fruit not an achene ; trees, shrubs, or herbs ; ovule pendulous. Trees with alternate leaves, the sap not milky. Fam. 8. Ulmaceae Trees with alternate leaves and milky sap. Fam. 9. Moraceae Fruit an achene ; herbs with small clusered greenish flowers. Ovule pendulous ; styles or stigmas 2. Fam. 10. Cannabinaceae Ovule erect or ascending ; style or stigma 1 Fam. 11. Urticaceae (Order 7, PROTEALES,
extensively developed in the southern hemisphere, is not represented in
our area.)
b. Flowers diocious, or perfect ; ovary inferior, at least in part. Ovary one-celled. Order 8. SANTALALES Tree-parasites, with opposite leaves or scales ; fruit a berry Fam. 12. Loranthaceae Root-parasites, or shrubs ; leaves alternate in our genera ; fruit a drupe, or nut. Fam. 13. Santalaceae Order 9. ARISTOCHIALES Ovary several- (usually 6-) celled ; flowers perfect. One family in our area. Fam. 14. Aristolochiceae c. Flowers mostly perfect in our genera (dioecious in some species of Rumex in Polygonaceae, monoecious or dioeciuos in some Chenopodiaceae and Aranthaceae) ; ovary superior. † Embryo straight, or nearly so ; fruit an achene. Order 10. POLYGONALES One family. Fam. 15. Polygonaceae †† Embryo coiled, curved, or annular ; fruit not an achene. Order 11. CHENOPODIALES (Centrospermae) Fruit a utricle ; stipules none. Bracts and sepals scarious.. Fam. 16. Amaranthaceae Bracts none, or not scarious. Fam. 17. Chenopodiaceae Fruit a berry, in our genus. Fam. 18. Phytolaccaceae Fruit a utricle ; stipules present (except in Scleranthus which has subulate, opposite connate leaves). Fam. 19. Corrigiolaceae Fruit an anthocarp, the persistent base of the corolla-like calyx enclosing a utricle. Fam. 20. Nyctaginaceae Fruit a capusle, dehiscent by vales, or teeth. Capsule 2-several-celled ; petals none. Fam. 21. Aizoaceae Capsule 21-celled ; petals mostly present Sepals 2. Fam. 22. Portulacaceae Sepals 5 or 4, distinct or united. Sepals distinct ; ovary sessile. Fam. 23. Alsinaceae Sepals united ; ovary stipulate. Fam. 23. Caryophyllaceae B. Petals present (wanting in Ceratophyllaceae - aquatic herbs with whorled dissected leaves ; in many Ranunculaceae ; in Calycocarpum - a dioecious vine of the Minispermaceae ; in Lauraceae - alternate-leaved aromatic trees and shrubs ; in Podostemaceae - aquatic herbs, the simple flowers involucrate ; in Liquidamber - a tree with palmately-lobed leaves and capitate flowers of the Hamamelidaceae - in Sanguisorba - herbs with pinnate leaves of the Rocaceae ; in Xanthoxylum - trees with pinnate leaves of the Rutaceae ; in Euphorbiaceae ; in Callitrichaceae, empetraceae and Buxaceae ; in some of the Aceraceae and Rhamnaceae ; in Thymeleaceae, eleagnaceae, and in some species of Ludwigia in Onagraceae and of Nyssa in Cornaceae). I. Ovary superior, free from the calyx (partly or wholly inferior in some Saxifratgaceae, in Grossulariaceae, Hamamelidaceae, Malaceae and Loasaceae). 1. Carpels solitary, or several or distinct (united in Nymphaeaceae) ; stamens mostly hypogynous and more numerous than the sepals ; sepals mostly distinct. Order 12. RANALES * Aquatic herbs ; floating leaves if present, peltate, or with a basal sinus. Pistil 1 ; petals none ; leaves whorled ; dissected Fam. 25. Ceratophyllaceae Carpels 3 or more ; petals large ; floating leaves not dissected. Carpels distinct. Carpels not in a receptacle. Fam. 26. Cobombaceae Carpels in a fleshy receptacle Fam. 27. Nelumbonaceae Carpels united into a compound ovary.. Fam. 28. Nymphaeaceae ** Land or marsh plants (some Rannculaceae aquatic). Stamens numerous ; sepals distinct ; petals present (except in some Ranunculaceae and in Calycocarpum of the Menispermaceae). Receptacle not hollow ; leaves alternate (except in Clematis). Flowers perfect (except in some specise of Clematis and Thalictrum). Fruit aggregate, cone-like ; trees ; sepals and petals in 3 series, or more, of 3. Fam. 29. Magnoliaceae Fruit not aggregate, the carpels separate, at least when mature. Anthers not opening by valves ; pistils usually more than 1. Sepals 3 ; petals 6 ; shrubs or trees. Fam. 30. Annonaceae Sepals 3-15 ; petals (when present) about as many ; our species herbs or vines (Xanthorrhiza shrubby). Fam. 31. Ranunculaceae Anthers opening by valves (except in Podophyllum) ; pistil 1. Fam. 32. Berberidaceae Dioecious climbing vines with simple leaves ; fruit drupaceous. Fam. 33. Menispermaceae Receptacle hollow, enclosing the numerous pistils and achenes ; opposite-leaved shrubs. Fam. 34. Calycanthaceae Stamens 9 or 12, in 3 or 4 series of 3 ; anthers opening by valves ; aromatic gtrees or shrubs with no petals, more or less unite sepals, and 1 pistil. Fam. 35. Lauraceae 2. Carpels 2 or more, united into a compound ovary ; stamens hypogynous ; sepals mostly distinct. * Plants not insectivorous. Order 13. PAPAVERALES (Rhoadales) Sepals 2 (very rarely 3 or 4) ; endosperm fleshy. Flowers regular ; stamens 8-many. Fam. 36. Papaveraceae Flowers irregular ; stamens 6. Fam. 37. Fumariaceae Sepals or calyx-segments 4-8, endosperm none. Capsule 2-celled by a longitudinal partition, usually 2-valved, rarely indehiscent ; sepals and petals 4. Fam. 38. Cruciferae Capsule 1-celled, of 2-6 carpels. Sepals and petals 4, regular, or petals irregular ; capsule of 2 carpels, 2-valved. Fam. 39. Capparidaceae Sepals and petals 4-8, irregular ; capsule of 3-6 carpels, 3-6 valued at the top ; disk large. Fam. 40. Resedaceae ** Insectivorous plants, secreting a viscid liquid, with basal leaves and scapose flowers. Order 14. SARRACENIALES Ovary 3-5 celled ; leaves hollow. Fam. 41. Sarraceniaceae Ovary 1-celled ; leaves circinate in unfolding, the balde flat. Fam. 42. Droseraceae 3. Carpels solitary, or several and distinct, or sometimes united ; stamens mostly perigynous or epigynous ; sepals mainly united or confluent with the concave receptacle. Order 15. ROSALES * Small aquatic fleshy herbs, with a spathe-like involucre, and a 2-3 celled capsule ; perianth none. Fam. 43. Podostemaceae ** Land or rarely swamp plants without an involucre. † Endosperm present, usually copious and fleshy. Herbacious plants. Carpels as many as the sepals. Carpels distinct, or united below, longitudinally dehiscent ; succulent plants. Fam. 44. Crassulaceae Carpels united in the middle, circumscissile ; plants not succulent. Fam. 45. Penthoraceae Carpels fewer than the sepals. Carpels 3 or 4, united into a 1-celled ovary ; staminodia present. Fam. 46. Parnassiaceae Carpels mostly 2, distinct, or only partly united ; no staminodia. Fam. 47. Saxifragaceae Shrubs or trees.. Leaves opposite. Fam. 48. Hydrangeaceae Leaves alternate. Fruit a 2-5-celled capsule. Capsule thin-walled, almost free from the calyx-tube (hypanthium). Fam. 49. Iteaceae Capsule woody, or thick-walled, adnae to the calyx-tube. Ovule solitary, suspended ; calyx-limb or calyx-limb and petals present. Fam. 50. Hamamelidaceae Ovules several or numerous ; no calyx-limb nor petals. Fam. 51. Altingiaceae Fruit a 1-celled berry. Fam. 52. Grossulariaceae †† Endosperm none, or very little (copious in Opulater, shrubs of the Rosaceae). ‡ Trees with broad leaves and small monoccious capitate flowers. Fam. 53. Platanaceae ‡‡ Flowers perfect (dioecious in Aruncus and in species of Fragaria of the Rosaceae ; in Gleditsia and Gymnocladus of the Caesalpiniaseae, and rarely in some Fabaceae). a. Flowers regular Pistils usally several or numerous (one only in Cercocarpus and some species of Alchemilla and Aphanes ; in Sanguisorba, Poteridium and Poterium). Carpels distinct, sometimes adnate to the calyx, ripening into follicles or achenes. Fam. 54. Rosaceae Carpels united, enclosed by the calyx-tube and adnate to it, the fruit a pome. Fam. 55. Malaceae Pistil only 1. Ovary 2-ovuled ; fruit a drupe ; leaves simple. Fam. 56. Amygdalaceae Ovary several-ovuled ; fruit a legume ; leaves 2-3 pinnate. Fam. 57. Mimosaceae b. Flowers irregular (nearly or quite regular in Gleditsia and Gymnocladus, trees of the Caesalpiniaceae). Fruit a legume ; upper petal enclosed by the lateral ones in the bud ; leaves compound, mostly stipulate. Fam. 58. Caesalpiniaceae Fruit spiny, indehiscent ; leaves simple, exstiulate. Fam. 59. Krameriaceae Fruit a legume or loment ; pupper petal enclosing the lateral ones in the bud ; leaves compound (sometimes 1-foliolate), stipulate. Fam. 60. Fabaceae 4. Carpels united into a compound ovary ; sepals mostly distinct. * Stamens few, rarely more than twice as many as the sepals. † Stamens as many as the sepals or fewer, and opposite them, or more numerous. ‡ Ovules mostly pendulous, with the raphe toward the axis of the ovary. Order 16. GERANIALES Stamens more than one ; land plants. Filaments partially united (distinct in some Geraniaceae) ; herbs, the leaves not punctate. Leaves not pinnately compound. Capsule at length splitting into its 5 carpels ; leaves lobed or dissected. Fam. 61. Geraniaceae Capsule 2-5 celled, not splitting into its carpels. Stamens 2-3 times as many as the petals ; leaves 3-foliolate in our species. Fam. 62. Oxalidaceae Stamens as many as the petals ; leaves entire. Fam. 63. Linaceae Leaves pinnately compound. Fam. 66. Zygophyllaceae Filaments distinct (united in some Balsaminaceae). Flowers very irregular ; calyx with a spurred or saccate sepal. Fam. 64. Balsaminaceae Flowers regular ; Herbaceous plants with pinnatel divided leaves. Fam. 65. Limnanthaceae Our species trees or shurbs with compound leaves, often punctate ; flowrs dioecious or polygamous. Leaves punctate. Fam. 67. Rutaceae Leaves not punctate, but the bitter bark with oil-sacs. Fam. 68. Simaroubaceae Flowers very irregular ; petals 3 ; stamens usually 8 ; ours low herbs. Fam. 69. Polygalaceae Flowers regular, often apetalous, small, monoccious or dioccious ; carpels mostly 3 ; herbs or low shrubs, mostly with milky juice. Fam. 70. Euphorbiaceae Stamen only 1 ; perianth none ; styles 2 ; small aquatic or rarely terrestrial plants with opposite entire leaves. Fam. 71. Callitrichanaceae ‡‡ Ovules pendulous, with the raphe away from the axis of the ovary, or erect or ascending. Order 17. SAPINDALES Petals none (or 3 in Empetrum); flowrs monoecious or dioecious ; leaves evergreen. Stamens mostly 3 ; low heath-like shrubs. Fam. 72. Empetraceae Stamens 4-7, our species an herb with broad leaves and spiked flowers. Fam. 73. Buxaceae Petals present ; leaves deciduous, except in Cyrillaceae and some Ilicaceae. Ovary 1-celled (in ours) ; fruit a small drupe. Fam. 74. Anacardiaceae Ovary 2-several-celled. Leaves simple, pinnately veined. Seeds not arilled. Fruit dry, flowers racemed, perfect. Fam. 75. Cyrillaceae Fruit a small drupe ; flowers not racemed, mostly polygamo-dioccious ; ovules pendulous. Fam. 76. Ilicaceae Seeds arilled ; ovules erect ; capsule fleshy. Fam. 77. Celastraceae Leaves simple and palmately veined, or compound. Leaves opposite. Fruit a bladdery 3-lobed capsule. Fam. 78. Staphyleaceae Fruit of 2 winged samaras. Fam. 79. Aceraceae Fruit a leathery capsule ; flowers irregular ; leaves digitately compound. Fam. 80. Aesculaceae Leaves alternate ; fruit various Fam. 81. Sapindaceae †† Stamens as many as the sepals and alternate with them, opposite the petals when thee are present ; ovules erect. Order 18. RHAMNALES Shrubs, small trees, or vines ; petals 4 or 5, or none ; fruit a drupe or capsule. Fam. 82. Rhamnaceae Vines, climbing by tendrils, rarely shrubs ; petals caducous ; fruit a berry. Fam. 83. Vitaceae ** Stamens usually very numerous (except in some Hypericaceae, in Elatinaceae, Vilaceae and Passifloraceae) ; disk inconspicuous or none. † Sepals valvate ; placentae united in the axis. Order 19. MALVALES Stamens in several sets ; anthers 2-celled ; embryo straight. Fam. 84. Tiliaceae Stamens monodelphous ; anthers 1-celled ; embryo curved. Fam. 85. Malvaceae †† Sepals or calyx-segments imbricated or convolute (except in Loasaceae, in which the calyx-tube is adnate to the ovary); placentae mainly parital, sometimes united in the axis. Order 20. HYPERICALES (Parietales) Sepals distinct, mostly persistent Endosperm little or none. Trees or shrubs with alternate leaves, and large solitary axillary flowers. Fam. 86. Theaceae Herbs or low shrubs with opposite, rearely verticillate leaves. Leaves punctate or black-dotted, exstipulate. Fam. 87. Hypericeae Leaves stipulate ; minute or small marsh or aquatic herbs with axillary flowers. Fam. 88. Elatinaceae Endosperm copious. Flowers regular, but the 2 outer sepals smaller ; stamens numerous ; ovules orthotropous. Fam. 89. Cistaceae Flowers irregular, some often cleistogamous ; stamens 5 ; ovules anatropous. Fam. 90. Violaceae Sepals more or less united into a gamasephalous calyx. A fringed crown in the throat of the calyx ; our species vines ; stamens 5 ; ovary free from the calyx. Fam. 91. Passifloraceae No crown ; our species herbs ; stamens numerous ; ovary adnate to the calyx. Fam. 92. Loasaceae I. Ovary inferior, adnate to the calyx, wholly or in part (except in Lythraceae and our Melastomaceae, where it is is usually merely enclosed by it, and in Thymeleaceae and Eleangnaceae, which are shrubs or trees, with no corolla). 1. Fleshy, spiny plants, often with jointed stems, the leaves very small in our species, or none ; calyx-segments and petals mostly numerous. Order 21. OPTUNIALES One family. Fam. 93. Cactaceae 2. Herbs, shrubs or trees, not fleshy nor spiny ; calyx-segments and petals (when present) rarely more than 5. Petals none in our species ; shrubs or trees ; ovary 1-ovuled. Order 22. THYMELEALES Leaves green ; seed pendulous. Fam. 94. Thymeleaceae Leaves silvery-scurfy ; seed erect. Fam. 95. Eleagnaceae Petals present (except in some Haloragidaceae, which are small aquatic herbs). Ovules several or numerous in each cavity of the ovary (except in Haloragidaceae and Trapaceae). Order 23. MYRTALES (Myrtiflorae) Land or marsh plants, or, if aquatic, submerged leaves not dissected. Calyx-tube merely enclosing the ovary, but free from it (except at the base). Anthers longitudinally dehiscent. Fam. 96. Lythraceae Anthers opening by a terminal pore. Fam. 97. Melastomaceae Calyx-tube almost wholly adnate to the ovary. Fam. 98. Onagraceae Aquatic or amphibious herbs, the submerged leaves dissected (except in Hippuris, which has whorled narrow leaves and only 1 stamen). Petioles of the broad floating leaves inflated ; flowers rather large, white. Fam. 99. Trapaceae Leaves most sessile ; petioles, if present, not inflated ; flowers small, greenish ; seeds with 1 coat. Fam. 100. Haloragidaceae Ovules 1 in each cavity of the ovary. Order 23. UMBELLALES (Umbelliflorae) Stamens 5 ; styles 2-5, rarely united ; flowers umbellate or capitate. Fruit a fleshy berry or drupe. Fam. 101. Araliaceae Fruit dry when mature, splitting into two mericarps. Fam. 102. Ammiaceae Stamens 4 ; style 1 ; stigma 1 ; shrubs and trees ; flowers not umbellate. Fam. 103. Cornaceae Series 2. GAMOPETALAE Petals more or less united. (exceptions). A. Ovary superior (except in Vacciniaceae and Symplocaceae, in which it is partly or wholly inferior). I. Stamens mostly free from the corolla, or adnate merely to its base (at the sinuses of the corolla in Diapensia and Pyxidanthera of the Diapensiaceae), as many as the lobes and alternate with them, or twice as many. Marsh herbs with perfect flowers in nodding spikes. Order 1. ERICALES Stamens free from the corolla, or merely adnate to its base, not united into a tube. Ovary superior ; fruit a capsule, or rarely drupaceous Corolla essentially polypetalous. Ovary 3-celled ; shrubs ; leaves deciduous. Fam. 1. Clethraceae Ovary 4-5 celled ; low, mostly evergreen perennials. Fam. 2. Pyrolaceae Corolla distinctly amopetalous (except in Monotropa and Hypopitys of the Monotropaceae and Ledum of the Ericaceae). Herbaceous saprophytes without green leaves. Fam. 3. Monotropaceae Shrubs with normal, often evergeen leaves. Fam. 4. Ericaceae Ovary inferior, adnate to the calyx, forming a many-seeded berry in fruit. Fam. 5. Vacciniaceae Stamens borne at the sinuses of the corolla, or united in a 10-lobed tube. Fam. 6. Diapensiaceae II. Stamens borne on the corolla, as many as its lobes and opposite them, or twice as many, or more. Herbs. Order 2. PRIMULALES Style 1: fruit a capsule. Fam. 7. Primulaceae Style 5: fruit an achene or utricle. Fam. 8. Plumbaginaceae Shrubs or trees. Order 3. EBENALES Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes. Fam. 9. Sapotaceae Stamens twice as many as corolla-lobes. Styles 2-8 ; flowers mostly monoecious or dioecious. Fam. 10. Ebenaceae Style 1, simple or lobed, flowers mostly perfect. Stamens in several series. Fam. 11. Symplocaceae Stamens in 1 series. Fam. 12. Styracaceae III. Stamens borne on the corolla, as many as its lobes or fewer, and alternate with them (in our species of Fraxinus and Foresteria of the Oleaceae there is no corolla). * Corolla not scarious, nerved. † Ovaries 2, distinct (except in some Loganiaceae, and in Gentianaceae and Menyanthaceae, in which the ovary is compound, with 2 cavities, or rarely more, or with 1 cavity and 2 placentae); flowers regular ; stamens mostly adnate to only the lower part ofthe corolla ; leaves mostly opposite. Order 4. GENTIANALES (Contortae) a. Stamens (usually 2), fewer than the corolla-lobes, or corolla none ; our species trees or shrubs. Fam. 13. Oleaceae b. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, mostly herbs. Stigmas distinct ; juice not milky ; ovary 1, compound. Ovary 2-celled ; leaves stipulate, or their bases connected by a stipular line. Fam. 14. Loganiaceae Ovary 1-celled ; leaves not stipulate. Leaves opposite or rarely verticillate ; corolla-lobes convolute or imbricated in teh bud. Fam. 15. Gentianaceae Leaves basal or alternate ; corolla-lobes induplicate-valvatge n teh bud ; marsh or aquatic herbs. Fam. 16. Menyanthaceae Stigmas united ; stamens distinct ; pollen of simple grains. Fam. 17. Apocynaceae Stigmas distinct ; stamens mostly monadelphous ; pollen-grains united into waxy masses. Fam. 18. Asclepiadaceae †† Ovary 1, compound (2-divided in Dichondra ; in Boraginaceae and Labiatae mostly deeply 4-lobed around the style) flowers regular or irregular ; stamens mostly adnate to the middle of the corolla-tube or beyond ; leaves opposite or altgernate. Order 5. POLEMONIALES (Tubiflorae) a. Corolla regular (irregular in Echium of the Boraginaceae). Ovary not 4-lobed, the carpels not separating as separate nutlets at maturity. Ovary 2-divided. Fam. 19. Dichondraceae Ovary 2-celled, rarely 3-4-celled ; style I, entire, 2-cleft, or 2-parted, mostly twining vines. Leaves normal. Fam. 20. Colvolvulaceae Whitish or yellowish parasitic vines, the leaves reduced to minute scales. Fam. 21. Cuscutaceae Ovary 3-celled ; stigmas 3, linear ; herbs, not twining. Fam. 22. Polemoniaceae Ovary 1-celled (2-celled in Nama) ; style I, 2-lobed, or 2-parted, herbs, not twining. Fam. 23. Hydrophyllaceae Ovary deeply 4-lobed around the style, or not lobed (Heliotropium) ; carpels separating as nutlets. Fam. 24. Boraginaceae b. Corolla irregular, more or less 2-lipped (regular in Solanaceae, in Mentha and Lycopus of the Labiatae, and nearly or quite so in Verbena and Callicarpa of the Berbenaceae). 1. Carpels 1-2- seeded. Ovary not lobed, 2-4 celled, the style apical ; carpels separating into 1-seeded nutlets. Fam. 25. Verbenaceae Ovary 4-lobed around the style, the lobes ripening into 1-seeded nutlets. Fam. 26. Labiatae 2. Carpels several-many-seeded (2-seeded in some Acanthaceae). ‡ Fruit a berry, or more commonly a capusle which is 1-2 celled, 2-valved, circumscissile, or irregularly bursting, not elastically dehiscent. Placentae axile. Ovary 2-celled, or rarely 3-5 celled. Flowers regular ; fertile stamens 5 (4 in Petunia) ; fruit a berry or capsule. Fam. 27. Solanaceae Flowers more or less irregular ; fertile stamens 2 or 4 (5 in verbascum); fruit a capsule. Fam. 28. Scrophulariaceae Ovary 1-celled ; marsh or aquatic herbs with flowers on scapes. Fam. 29. Lentibulariaceae Placentae parietal. Herbs, parasitic on the roots of other plants, the leaves reduced to scales, not green ; ovary 1-celled. Fam. 30. Orobanchaceae Trees, shrubs, or herbs, the foliage normal. Trees, shrubs, or woody vines ; capsule 2-celled ; seeds winged in our genera. Fam. 31. Bignoniaceae Opposite-leaved herbs ; capsule 1-celled in our genus ; seeds wingless. Fam. 32. Martyniaceae ‡‡ Capsule completely 2-celled, elastically loculicidally dehiscent ; opposite-leaved herbs ; placentae axile. Fam. 33. Acanthaceae 3. Ovary and fruit 1-celled with 1 erect orthotropous ovule and seed ; herb with spicate flowers and reflexed fruits. Fam. 34. Phrymaceae ** Corolla scarious, nerveless. Order 6. PLANTAGINALES Herbs, with small spicate or capitate flowers ; one family. Fam. 35. Plantaginaceae A. Ovary inferior. I. Anthers distinct. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with them (one feweer in Linnaea of the Caprifoliaceae), or twice as many ; ovary compound, with 1 ovule or more in each cavity ; leaves opposite, or verticillate. Order 7. RUBIALES Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes. Leaves always stipulate, usually blackening in drying. Fam. 36. Rubiaceae Leaves usually expistulate, not blackening in drying. Fam. 37. Caprifoliaceae Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes ; low herb with ternately divided leaves. Fam. 38. Adoxaceae Stamens mostly fewer than the corolla-lobes ; ovary 1-celled with 1 pendulous ovule, or 3-celled with 2 of the cavities without ovules. Order 8. VALERIANALES (Aggregatae) Ovary 3-celled, 2 of its cavities empty. Fam. 39. Valerianaceae Ovary 1-celled ; flowers densely capitulate, involucrate. Fam. 40. Dipsacaceae II. Anthers united (except in Campanula and Specularia of the Campanulaceae, in Ambrodiaceae, and in Kuhnia of the Compositae). Order 9. CAMPANULALES (Campanulatae) Flowers not in involucrate heads ; juice mostly milky. Endosperm none ; flowers monoecious or diocious ; our species vines. Fam. 41. Cucurbitaceae Endosperm present, flowers perfect. Flowers regular. Fam. 42. Campanulaceae Flowers irregular Fam. 43. Lobeliaceae Flowers in involucrate heads. Flowers all expanded into rays (ligulate) ; juice milky. Fam. 44. Cichoriaceae Flowers all tubular, or the outer expanded into rays ; juice very rarely milky. Stamens distinct, or nearly so. Fam. 45. Ambriosiaceae Stamens united by their anthers into a tube around the style (except in Kuhnia). Fam. 46. Compositae |
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Volume 1, pages xxii - xxix: Nathanie1 L. Britton amd Addison Lord Brown, An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States,Canada, and the British Possessions from Newfoundland to the Parallel of the Southern Boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean Westward to the 102d Meridian, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1913 Web page © Maquah Publications, 2005 Hosted by the World's Greatest Web-server, NERP.NET |
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