|
Subkingdom Pteridophyta
SPORES
DEVELOPING INTO FLAT OR IRREGULAR PROTHALLA,
WHICH BEAR THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
(ANTHERIDA
AND ARCHEGONIA)
; FLOWERS AND SEEDS NONE
1. Spores
produced in sporanges,
which are borne on the back of a leaf, in spikes
or panicles,
or in special conceptacles.
Order 1.
FILICALES
* Spores
all of one sort and size (isoporous famlies).
† Vernation
erect or inclined ; sporanges
in spikes,
or panicles,
opening by a transverse slit.
Fam. 1. Ophioglossaceae
†† Vernation
coiled ; sporanges
reticulated,
usually provided with a ring (annulus).
Sporanges
opening vertically.
Sporanges
panicled, with a rudimentary ring ; marsh ferns.
Fam. 2. Osmundaceae
Sporanges
sessile
on a filiform
receptacle ; leaves filmy, translucent.
Fam. 3. Hymenophyllaceae
Sporanges
ovid, in panicles,
or spikes,
provided with an apical
ring.
Fam.
4. Schizaeaceae
Sporanges
opening transversely, provided with a vertical ring, borne in sori
on the back or margin of a leaf.
Fam.
5. Polypodiaceae
**
Spores
of two sizes (microspores
and macrospores).
Plants
rooting in the mud ; leaves 4-foliate, or filiform.
Fam. 6. Marsileaceae
Plants
floating ; leaves entire,
or 2-lobed.
Fam.
7. Salviniaceae
2. Spores
produced in sporanges,
which are clustered underneath the scales
of a terminal cone-like spike
; stems jointed, rush-like.
Order
2. EQUESETALES.
One family.
Fam.
8. Equisetaceae
3. Spores
produced in sporanges,
which are borne in the axils
of scale-like
or tubular leaves.
Order 3. LYCOPODIALES
Spores
all of one sort and size.
Fam.
9. Lycopodiaceae
Spores
of two sizes (microspores
and macrospores).
Leaves scale-like,
4-many-ranked, on branching stems.
Fam.
10. Selaginellaceae
Leaves
tubular, clustered on a corm-like
trunk ; aquatic or mud plants.
Fam.
11. Isoetaceae
Subkingdom SPERMATOPHYTA
MICROSPORES
(POLLEN-GRAINS)
DEVELOPING INTO A TUBULAR PROTHALLIUM
(POLLEN-TUBE)
; MACRO-SPORES
(EMBRYO-SAC)
DEVELOPING A MINUTE PROTHALLIUJM,
AND, TOGETHER WITH IT, REMAINING ENCLOSED IN THE MACROSPORANGE
(OVULE)
WHICH RIPENS INTO A SEED.
Class 1. GYMNOSPERMAE. Ovules
not enclosed in an ovary.
Fruit
a cone, with several or numerous scales,
sometimes berry-like
by their cohesion.
Fam.
1. Pinaceae
Fruit (in our genus) a fleshy integument
nearly enclosing the seed.
Fam.
2. Taxaceae
Class 2. ANGIOSPERMAE. Ovules
enclosed in an ovary.
Subclass
1. MONOCOTYLEDONES.
EMBRYO
WITH 1 COTYLEDON
; STEM WITH NO DISTINCTION INTO PITH, WOOD AND BARK ; LEAVES MOSTLY
PARALLEL-VEINED.
1. Carpels
1, or more, distinct (united, at least partially, in Family 6, Scheuchzeriaceae, where they are
mostly united until maturity, and Family 8, Vallisneriaceae, aquatic herbs,
with monoecious
or dioecious
flowers) ; parts of the flowers mostly unequal in number.
* Inflorescence
varies, not a true spadix.
† Flowers not in
the axils
of dry chaffy scales
(glumes);
or species aquatic or marsh plants.
†† Endosperm
mealy or fleshy ; perianth
of bristles or chaffy
scales
; flowers monoecious,
spicate
or capitate.
Order
1. PANDANALES
Flowers spicate,
the spikes
terminal.
Fam.
1. Typhaceae
Flowers capitate,
the heads axillary
to leaf-like bracts
Fam.
2. Sparganiaceae
†† Endosperm
none, or very little ; perianth
corolla-like,
or herbaceous,
or none.
Perianth
wanting, or rudimentary.
Order
2. NAIADALES
Carpels
distinct, stigmas
disk-like or cup-like.
Fam. 3. Zannichelliaceae
Carpels
united, stigmas
slender.
Flowers axillary
; leaves spinose-dentate.
Fam.
4. Naiadaceae
Flowers on a spadix
; leaves grass-like.
Fam.
5. Zosteraceae
Perianth
present, of 2 series of parts.
Carpels
distinct.
Order
3. ALISMALES
Petals
similar to the sepals
; anthers
mostly elongated.
Fam. 6. Scheuchzeriaceae
Petals
not similar to the sepals
; anthers
short.
Fam.
7. Alismaceae
Carpels
united
Order
4. HYDROCHARITALES
Ovary
1-celled with parietal placentae.
Fam.
8. Valisneriaceae
Ovary
6-9 celled.
Fam.
9. Hydrocharitaceae
†† Flowers in the axils
of dry chaffy
scales
(glumes),
arranged in spikes
or spikelets.
Order
5. GRAMINALES (Glumiflorae)
Fruit a caryopsis (grain) ; stems (culms) mostly hollow in
our species.
Fam. 10. Gramineae
Fruit an achene ; stems (culms) solid.
Fam. 11. Cyperaceae
(Order 6, PALMALES, including only the family Palmaceae, Palms, and Order 7,
CYCLANTHALES, including only the family Cyclanthaceae, are not represented
in our territory.)
** Inflorescence
a fleshy spadix,
with or without a spathe ; or plants minute, floating frfee, the
flowers few or solitary on the margin or back of the thallus.
Order
8. ARALES (Spatheiflorae)
Large herbs, with normal foliage and well-developed spadix.
Fam. 12. Araceae
Minute floating thalloid plants.
Fam. 13. Lemnaceae
2. Carpels
united into a compound ovary
; parts of the usually complete flowrs mostly in 3's or 6's.
* Seeds with endosperm.
† Flowers regular,
or nearly so (corolla
irregular in Comellina and Pontederia).
†† Endosperm
mealy ; ovary
superior.
Order
9. XYRIDALES (Farinosae)
a. Ovary
one-celled
Aquatic moss-like leafy herbs, flowers solitary.
Fam. 14. Mayacaceae
Erect rush-like herbs ; flowrs in terminal scaly heads or spikes.
Fam. 15. Xyridaceae
Mud or aquatic herbs, the flowrs subtended by spathes (Heteranthera in Pontederiaceae).
b. Ovary
2-3 celled (except in some Pontederiaceae)
Flowers very small, densely capitate,
monoccious or dioccious
Fam. 16. Eriocaulaceae
Flowers perfect
Epiphytes ; leaves scurfy.
Fam. 17. Bromeliaceae
Terrestrial or aquatic herbs ; leaves not scurfy.
Perianth
of 2 series of parts, the outer (sepals)
green, the inner (http://www.maquah.net/BritBrn/APPENDICES/glossary-p.html#Petal)
colored.
Fam. 18. Commelinaceae
Perianth
6-parted
Fam. 19. Pontderiaceae
†† Endosperm
fleshy or horny ; overary superior or inferior
Order
10. LILIALES
a. Ovary
superior (except in Aletris,
in the Lilliaceae, and some specis of Zygadenus
in the Melanthaceae)
Perianth-segments
distinct, green or brown, not petal-like ; herbs with grass-like leaves
and small flowers.
Fam. 20. Juncaceae
Perianth-segments
distinct, or partially united, at least the inner petal-like.
Fruit a capsule (excet in Yucca
baccata, where it is large, fleshy, and indehiscent).
Capsule mostly septicidal ; plants rarely bulbous.
Fam. 21. Melanthaceae
Capsule loculicidal (septicidal in Calochortus)
; plants mostly bulbous.
Fam. 22. Liliaceae
Fruit a fleshy berry
(except in Uvularia of the
Convallariaceae).
Erect herbs ; tendrils none ; flowers perfect.
Leaves basal or alternate.
Fam. 23. Convallariaceae
Leaves verticillate.
Fam. 24. Trilliaceae
Vines, climbing by tendrils, or rarely erect, flowers dioecious,
in axillary
umbels.
Fam. 25. Smilaceae
a. Ovary
inferior, wholly or in part.
Stamens 3, opposite the inner corolla-segments.
Fam. 26. Haemodoraceae
Stamens 6, in our species.
Erect perennial herbs ; flowers perfect.
Fam. 27. Amaryllidaceae
Twining vines ; flowers dioecious.
Fam. 28. Dioscoraceae
Stamens 3, opposite the outer corolla-segments.
Fam. 29. Iridaceae
†† Flowers very irregular ; ovary
inferior.
Order
11. SCITAMINALES
One family represented in our territory.
Fam. 30. Marantaceae
** Seeds without endosperm,
very numerous and minute ; ovary
inferior.
Order
12. ORCHIDALES (Microspermae)
Flowers regular ; stem-leaves reduced to scales.
Fam. 31. Burmanniaceae
Flowers very irregular.
Fam. 32. Orchidaceae
Subclass 2. DICOTYLEDONES.
EMBRYO
NORMALLY WITH 2 COTYLEDONES
; STEMS MOSTLY DIFFERENTIATED INTO PITH, WOOD AND BARK ; LEAVES MOSTLY
NET-VEINED
Series
1. CHLORIPETALAE
Petals
distinct to the base, or wanting (exceptions).
A. Petals
none, except in Portulacaceae and in most Caryophyllaceae, which
are herbs with leaves nearly always opposite, the seeds with endosperm,
and in the pistillage flowers of the walnuts (Juglans).
I. Calyx none (except in the
Juglandaceae, which are trees with odd-pinnate leaves).
Marsh
herbs with perfect flowers in nodding spikes.
Order
1. PIPERALES.
One family only.
Fam. 1. Saururaceae
Trees
or shrubs ; staminate flowers, and sometimes also the pistillae, in
aments.
Order
2. JUGLANDALES.
One family only.
Fam. 2. Juglandaceae
Leaves
simple.
Fruit one-seeded.
Order
3. MYRICALES.
Ovule
erect, orthotropous.
Fam. 3. Myricaceae
Ovule
laterally attached, ascending, amphitropuos.
Fam. 4. Leitneriaceae
Fruit many-seeded ; seeds with a soft tuft of hairs at one
end.
Order
4. SALICALES.
One family only.
Fam. 5. Salicaceae
2. Calyx present
* Flowers, at least the staminate
ones, in aments.
Order
5. FAGALES
Both
staminate and pistillate flowers in aments.
Fam. 6. Betulaceae
Pistillate
flowers subtended by an involucre, which becomes a bur or cup in fruit.
Fam. 7. Fagaceae
** Flowers
not in aments (in ament-like spikes
in Morus), but variously
clustered, rarely solitary.
a. Flowers monoecious,
diocious or polygamous (sometimes perfect in Ulmus) ; ovary
superior, 1-celled
Order
6. URTICALES
Fruit
not an achene ; trees, shrubs, or herbs ; ovule
pendulous.
Trees with alternate leaves, the sap not milky.
Fam. 8. Ulmaceae
Trees with alternate leaves and milky sap.
Fam. 9. Moraceae
Fruit
an achene ; herbs with small clusered greenish flowers.
Ovule
pendulous ; styles or stigmas
2.
Fam. 10. Cannabinaceae
Ovule
erect or ascending ; style or stigma
1
Fam. 11. Urticaceae
(Order 7, PROTEALES,
extensively developed in the southern hemisphere, is not represented in
our area.)
b. Flowers diocious, or perfect ; ovary
inferior, at least in part.
Ovary
one-celled.
Order
8. SANTALALES
Tree-parasites, with opposite leaves or scales
; fruit a berry
Fam. 12. Loranthaceae
Root-parasites, or shrubs ; leaves alternate in our genera
; fruit a drupe, or nut.
Fam. 13. Santalaceae
Order
9. ARISTOCHIALES
Ovary
several- (usually 6-) celled ; flowers perfect.
One family in our area.
Fam. 14. Aristolochiceae
c. Flowers mostly perfect in our genera (dioecious
in some species of Rumex in
Polygonaceae, monoecious
or dioeciuos in some Chenopodiaceae and Aranthaceae) ; ovary
superior.
† Embryo
straight, or nearly so ; fruit an achene.
Order
10. POLYGONALES
One family.
Fam. 15. Polygonaceae
†† Embryo
coiled, curved, or annular ; fruit not an achene.
Order
11. CHENOPODIALES (Centrospermae)
Fruit
a utricle ; stipules none.
Bracts
and sepals
scarious..
Fam. 16. Amaranthaceae
Bracts
none, or not scarious.
Fam. 17. Chenopodiaceae
Fruit
a berry,
in our genus.
Fam. 18. Phytolaccaceae
Fruit
a utricle ; stipules present (except in Scleranthus which has subulate,
opposite connate leaves).
Fam. 19. Corrigiolaceae
Fruit
an anthocarp, the persistent base of the corolla-like
calyx enclosing a utricle.
Fam. 20. Nyctaginaceae
Fruit
a capusle, dehiscent by vales, or teeth.
Capsule 2-several-celled ; petals
none.
Fam. 21. Aizoaceae
Capsule 21-celled ; petals
mostly present
Sepals
2.
Fam. 22. Portulacaceae
Sepals
5 or 4, distinct or united.
Sepals
distinct ; ovary
sessile.
Fam. 23. Alsinaceae
Sepals
united ; ovary
stipulate.
Fam. 23. Caryophyllaceae
B. Petals
present (wanting in Ceratophyllaceae - aquatic herbs with
whorled dissected leaves ; in many Ranunculaceae ; in Calycocarpum - a dioecious
vine of the Minispermaceae ; in Lauraceae - alternate-leaved aromatic
trees and shrubs ; in Podostemaceae - aquatic herbs, the simple flowers
involucrate ; in Liquidamber
- a tree with palmately-lobed
leaves and capitate
flowers of the Hamamelidaceae - in Sanguisorba
- herbs with pinnate leaves of the Rocaceae ; in Xanthoxylum - trees with pinnate
leaves of the Rutaceae ; in Euphorbiaceae ; in Callitrichaceae,
empetraceae and Buxaceae ; in some of the Aceraceae and Rhamnaceae ; in
Thymeleaceae, eleagnaceae, and in some species of Ludwigia in Onagraceae and of Nyssa in Cornaceae).
I. Ovary
superior, free from the calyx (partly or wholly inferior in some
Saxifratgaceae, in Grossulariaceae, Hamamelidaceae, Malaceae and
Loasaceae).
1. Carpels
solitary, or several or distinct (united in Nymphaeaceae) ; stamens
mostly hypogynous and more numerous than the sepals
; sepals
mostly distinct.
Order
12. RANALES
* Aquatic herbs ;
floating leaves if present, peltate, or with a basal sinus.
Pistil
1 ; petals
none ; leaves whorled ; dissected
Fam. 25. Ceratophyllaceae
Carpels
3 or more ; petals
large ; floating leaves not dissected.
Carpels
distinct.
Carpels
not in a receptacle.
Fam. 26. Cobombaceae
Carpels
in a fleshy receptacle
Fam. 27. Nelumbonaceae
Carpels
united into a compound ovary..
Fam. 28. Nymphaeaceae
** Land or marsh plants (some Rannculaceae
aquatic).
Stamens
numerous ; sepals
distinct ; petals
present (except in some Ranunculaceae and in Calycocarpum of the Menispermaceae).
Receptacle not hollow ; leaves alternate (except in Clematis).
Flowers perfect (except in some specise of Clematis and Thalictrum).
Fruit aggregate, cone-like ; trees ; sepals
and petals
in 3 series, or more, of 3.
Fam. 29. Magnoliaceae
Fruit not aggregate, the carpels
separate, at least when mature.
Anthers
not opening by valves ; pistils usually more than 1.
Sepals
3 ; petals
6 ; shrubs or trees.
Fam. 30. Annonaceae
Sepals
3-15 ; petals
(when present) about as many ; our species herbs or vines (Xanthorrhiza shrubby).
Fam. 31. Ranunculaceae
Anthers
opening by valves (except in Podophyllum)
; pistil 1.
Fam. 32. Berberidaceae
Dioecious
climbing vines with simple leaves ; fruit drupaceous.
Fam. 33. Menispermaceae
Receptacle hollow, enclosing the numerous pistils and
achenes ; opposite-leaved shrubs.
Fam. 34. Calycanthaceae
Stamens
9 or 12, in 3 or 4 series of 3 ; anthers
opening by valves ; aromatic gtrees or shrubs with no petals,
more or less unite sepals< |